

Q^ .. 










^ \ ''^.'y\ '^m' /\ -.IK'' ^^' 









0* ^-^^ ^- ' 



1^ .S-* > '^^ 
































o • * ' *G x5 

» o 



















.. v*^\** "<v*^^/ \^^\/ 



o • * - *G o 















vO. 



;♦ n-j 



0^° ... %''^^\r ^°^*^^''^o-' 


















-y 






"^-..^'^ ♦ 






^^0^ 



:i^^ 




♦ ^0 







^^0^ 










1^^^^^^ ^^ 



iiiimiiiiiiiiinmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinmitniniitiinmniimm 



hjtnnalsof^ortHackinac-^ 

null II mill mill tiiiiiiiiiinnn»mn'H"""""""""""" 



By 



Lieut. D. H. K ELTON, 



U.S. ARMf. 




Saint Cloud Hotel, 

MACKINAC ISLAND, MICHIGAN. 




^f ITU ATE D upon beautifully terraced grounds overlooking the Harbor 
l^ and Straits of Mackinac. Is complete and Modern in all its 
appointments and furnished in the Queen -Anne Style. 
The Saint Cloud Hotel oflTers inducements to Tourists and Pleas- 
ure-Seekers that are unsurpassed. Its corps of colored servants is the best 
while its Culinary department is under the charge of a "Chef de Cuisine" 
engaged at great expense. 

Its elegant broad verandas, its large, airy, well -ventilated rooms, its 
Operatic Singers, and its 

^ ^^ Ci ^s FAMOUS STRING BAND s ^^ Vo 

are attractions by which this Hotel has gained "its world-wide reputation 
and which no one can disregard in the selection of a home-like stopping 
place while sojourning on this lovely and romantic Isle. 

WENDELL & Mcdonald, Managers. 



1 



Jl*" 



Annals of Fort Mackinac 



BY 

DWIGHT H. KELTON^ 

LIEUTENANT U.-S, ARMY. 



; ■ 26 1.., V 


CHICAGO: 


' 


FERGUS PRINTING COMPANY 


1882. 





(k^ 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1882, by 

D. H. KELTON, 
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



/ 




PREFACE 



To HELP pass the long, dreary evenings of a Mackinac 
winter, was compiled the following "Annals": 

Besides information derived from official sources, in- 
cluding the records on file in the Fort, the old books of 
the American Fur- Company, the records of the Village 
and County of Mackinac, and of the churches of Mackinac 
and St. Ignace; old documents in the hands of private 
individuals have been also examined and much matter 
obtained which it is believed has never before been in 
print. 

Most of the old records are in the French lang-uac^e, 
in the translation of which I have been assisted by 
Lieut. E. H. Plummer and Sergt. F. J. Grant. 

With some few exceptions, there are records for the 
years back to 1712. 

The are none for the years prior to 1695. 

At the last moment, much matter of a dry, statistical 
nature, derived from old records, and originally intended 
to be incorporated in this book, has been omitted, and 
matter which it is thought will be more acceptable to the 
general reader substituted. 



4 PREFACE. 

The Legends of " OssEO," and *' Lover's Leap," are 
from Schoolcraft's " Hiawatha Legends," nearly all 
of the substituted matter has, however, been taken from 
that very valuable work, ** Chicago Antiquities," by 
Henry H. Hurlbut, Esq., of Chicago, by permission 
in each instance. 

D. H. KELTON. 
Fort Mackinac, Mich., 
April, 1882. 



MICH I LI MACKINAC, 



OSSEO ; 



THE SON OF THE EVENING STAR. 



There once lived an Indian in the north, who had ten 
daughters, all of whom grew up to womanhood. They 
were noted for their beauty, but especially Oweenee, the 
youngest, who was very independent in her way of think- 
ing. She was a great admirer of romantic places, and paid 
very little attention to the numerous young men who came 
to her father's lodge for the purpose of seeing her. Her 
elder sisters were all solicited in marriage from their 
parents, and one after another went off to dwell in the 
lodges of their husbands, or mothers-in-law, but she would 
listen to no proposals of the kind. At last she married an 
old man called Osseo, who was scarcely able to walk, and 
was too poor to have things like others. They jeered and 
laughed at her on all sides, but she seemed to be quite 
happy, and said to them, "It is my choice, and you will 
see in the end who has acted the wisest." Soon after, the 
sisters and their husbands and their parents were all invited 
to a feast, and as they walked along the path, they could 
not help pitying their young and handsome sister, who had 
such an unsuitable mate. Osseo often stopped and gazed 
upward, but they could perceive nothing in the direction 
he looked, unless it was the faint glimmering of the even- 
ing star. They heard him muttering to himself as they 



6 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

went along, and one of the elder sisters caught the words, 
"Sho-wain-ne-me-shin nosa."^ ''Poor old man," said she, 
"he is talking to his father, what a pity it is that he would 
not fall and break his neck, that our sister might have a 
handsome young husband." Presently they passed a large 
hollow log, lying with one end toward the path. The mo- 
ment Osseo, who was of the turtle totem, came^to it, he 
stopped short, uttered a loud and peculiar yell, and then 
dashing into one end of the log, he came out at the other, 
a most beautiful young man, and springing back to the 
road, he led off the party with steps as light as the rein- 
deer. But on turning round to look for his wife, behold, 
she had been changed into an old, decrepit woman, who 
was bent almost double, and walked with a cane. The 
husband, however, treated her very kindly, as she had done 
him during the time of his enchantment, and constantly 
addressed her by the term of ne-ne-moosh-a, or my sweet- 
heart. 

When they came to the hunter's lodge with whom they 
were to feast, they found the feast ready prepared, and as 
soon as their entertainer had finished his harangue (in which 
he told them his feasting was in honor of the Evening or 
Woman's Star), they began to partake of the portion dealt 
out, according to age and character, to each one. The food 
was very delicious, and they were all happy but Osseo, who 
looked at his wife and then gazed upward, as if he was 
looking into the substance of the sky. Sounds were soon 
heard, as if from far-off voices in the air, and they became 
plainer and plainer, till he could clearly distinguish some 
of the words. 

"My son — my son," said the voice, *T have seen your 
afflictions and pity your wants. I come to call you away 
from a scene that is stained with blood and tears. The 

* Pity me, my father. 



THE LEGEND OF OSSEO. 7 

earth is full of sorrows. Giants and sorcerers, the enemies 
of mankind, walk abroad in it, and are scattered through- 
out its length. Every night they are lifting their voices to 
the Power of Evil, and every day they make themselves 
busy in casting evil in the hunter's path. You have long 
been their victim, but shall be their victim no more. The 
spell you were under is broken. Your evil genius is over- 
come. I have cast him down by my superior strength, and 
it is this strength I now exert for your happiness. Ascend, 
my son — ascend into the skies, and partake of the feast I 
have prepared for you in the stars, and bring with you 
those you love. 

"The food set before you is enchanted and blessed. 
Fear not to partake of it. It is endowed with magic power 
to give immortality to mortals, and to change men to 
spirits. Your bowls and kettles shall be no longer wood 
and earth. The one shall become silver, and the other 
wampum. They shall shine like fire, and glisten like the 
most beautiful scarlet. Every female shall also change her 
state and looks, and no longer be doomed to laborious 
tasks. She shall put on the beauty of the starlight, and 
become a shining bird of the air, clothed with shining 
feathers. She shall dance and not work — she shall sing 
and not cry." 

"My beams," continued the voice, "shine faintly on your 
lodge, but they have a power to transform it into the light- 
ness of the skies, and decorate it with the colors of the 
clouds. Come, Osseo, my son, and dwell no longer on 
earth. Think strongly on my words, and look steadfastly 
at my beams. My power is now at its height. Doubt not 
— delay not. It is the voice of the Spirit of the stars that 
calls you away to happiness and celestial rest." 

The words were intelligible to Osseo, but his companions 
thought them some far-off sounds of music, or birds singing 



8 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

in the woods. Very soon the lodge began to shake and 
tremble, and they felt it rising into the air. It was too late 
to run out, for they were already as high as the tops of the 
trees. Osseo looked around him as the lodge passed 
through the topmost boughs, and behold! their wooden 
dishes were changed into shells of a scarlet color, the poles 
of the lodge to glittering wires of silver, and the bark that 
covered them into the gorgeous wings of insects. A 
moment more, and his brothers and sisters, and their 
parents and friends, were transformed into birds of various 
plumage. Some were jays, some partridges and pigeons, 
and others gay singing-birds, who hopped about, displaying 
their glittering feathers, and singing their song. But Owee- 
nee still kept her earthly garb, and exhibited all the indi- 
cations of extreme age. He again cast his eyes in the 
direction of the clouds, and uttered that peculiar yell, 
which had given him the victory at the hollow log. In a 
moment the youth and beauty of his wife returned; her 
dingy garments assumed the shining appearance of green 
silk, and her cane was changed into a silver feather. The 
lodge again shook and trembled, for they were now pass- 
ing through the uppermost clouds, and they immediately 
after found themselves in the Evening Star, the residence 
of Osseo's father. 

"My son," said the old man, "hang that cage of birds, 
which you have brought along in your hand, at the door,, 
and I will inform you why you and your wife have been 
sent for." Osseo obeyed the directions; and then took his 
seat in the lodge. "Pity was shown to you," resumed the 
king of the star, "on account of the contempt of your 
wife's sister, who laughed at her ill fortune, and ridiculed 
you while you were under the power of that wicked spirit, 
whom you overcame at the log. That spirit lives in the 
next lodge, being a small star you see on the left of mine. 



THE LEGEND OF OSSEO. 9 

and he has always felt envious of my family, because we 
had greater power than he had, and especially on account 
of our having had the care committed to us of the temale 
world. He failed in several attempts to destroy youf 
brothers-in-law and sisters-in-law, but succeeded at last in 
transforming yourself and your wife into decrepit old per- 
sons. You must be careful and not let the light of his 
beams fall on you while you are here, for therein is the 
power of his enchantment ; a ray of light is the bow and 
arrows he uses." 

Osseo lived happy and contented in the parental lodge, 
and in due time his wife presented him with a son, who 
grew up rapidly, and was the image of his father. He was 
very quick and ready in learning everything that was done 
in his grandfather's dominions, but he wished also to learn 
the art of hunting, for he had heard that this was a favorite 
pursuit below. To gratify him, his father made him a bow 
and arrows, and he then let the birds out of the cage that 
he might practise in shooting. He soon became expert, 
and the very first day brought down a bird, but when he 
went to pick it up, to his amazement, it was a beautiful 
young woman with the arrow sticking in her breast. It 
was one of his younger aunts. The moment her blood fell 
upon the surface of that pure and spotless planet, the charm 
was dissolved. The boy immediately found himself sink- 
ing, but was partly upheld, by something like wings, till 
he passed through the lower clouds, and he then suddenly 
dropped upon a high, romantic island in a large lake. He 
was pleased on looking up to see all his aunts and uncles 
following him in the form of birds, and he soon discovered 
the silver lodge, with his father and mother, descending 
with its waving barks looking like so many insects' gilded 
wings. It rested on the highest cliffs of the island, and 
here they fixed their residence. They all resumed their 



lO 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



•natural sJiapcs, but were diminished to the s'.ze Q){ fairies; 
•as a mark of homage to the King of the Evening Star, they 
•never failed, on every pleasant evening during the summer 
season, to join hands and dance upon the top of the rocks. 
These rocks were quickly observed by the Indians to be 
covered, in moonlight evenings, with a larger sort of Puk 
Wudj Ininees, or little men, and were called Mish-in-e- 
mok-in-ok-ong, or turtle spirits, and the island is named 
from them to this day. Their shining lodge can be seen 
in the summer evenings when the moon shines strongly on 
the pinnacles of the rocks, and the fishermen, who go near 
those high cliffs at night, have even heard the voices of 
the happy little dancers. 




EARLY MICHIGAN 



The first European Settlement within the limits of the 
State of Michigan, was by the French. 

In 1641, Father Charles Raymbault and Isaac Jogues 
visited Sault de Ste. Marie, and established a mission 
among the Chippewas. 

In 1668, Father James Marquette reached the Sault, 
where he was joined by Father Claudius Dablon. The 
Settlement of Michigan begins at this period. 

Under the French and British dominion, the territory 
was associated with the Canadas, but became part of the 
territory of Virginia at the close of the war of independ- 
ence, although it was not formally occupied by the United 
States until 1796. Virginia had in the meantime ceded to 
the United States all of her territory northwest of the 
Ohio River, and Congress, by the historical "Ordinance of 
1787," passed July 13th of that year, provided for its gov- 
ernment as the "Northwest Territory." 

The first seat of government of the Northwest Territory 
was at Chillicothe, Ohio. By act of Congress of May 7th, 
1800, the territory was divided, preparatory to the, admis- 
sion of Ohio into the Union as a State, and the "Indiana 
Territory" was erected, with. the seat of government at 
Vincennes, Ind. By act of January, 1805, the Territory ot 
Michigan was set off from the Indiana Territory, the seat 
of government being established at Detroit. By this act, 
the southern boundary of Michigan was fixed by a line 
drawn due east from the southerly bend or extreme ot 
Lake Michigan until it intersects Lake Erie, and the western 



12 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

boundary through Lake Michigan and thence due north to 
the northern boundary of the United States. This included 
on the south a strip of territory, now forming a part of the 
State of Ohio, and did not include the northern or Upper 
Peninsula of the now State of Michigan. 

In the year 1835, the people of Michigan took steps for 
forming a State Government. The admission of the State 
into the Union was delayed until 1837, chiefly in conse- 
quence of a disagreement in regard to the southern boun- 
dary; the State of Ohio laying claim to the strip of terri- 
tory previously referred to, which it was claimed on the 
other hand was within the Territory of Michigan, and 
which embraces within its limits the present City o^ Toledo. 
The dispute at one time threatened an armed collision, and 
military forces were mustered on both sides, m what is 
popularly known as the "Toledo war." The difficulty was 
settled by the act of Congress of June, 1836, fixing the 
disputed boundary in accordance with the claim of Ohio, 
but giving to Michigan, instead, the territory known as the 
Upper Peninsula. 



The seat of Government remained at Detroit until 1847, 
when it was removed to Lansing. 

The land area of the State consists of two natural 
divisions known as the Upper and Lower Peninsulas, and 
adjacent islands. 

The Upper Peninsula contains 14,451,456 acres. 
The Lower Peninsula contains 21,677,184 acres. 
There are 179 islands included within the boundaries oi 
the State, varying in area from one acre upward, their total 
area being 404,730 acres. 

Bois-Blanc Island contains 21,351 acres. 
Round Island contains 180 acres. 

Mackinac Island contains 2,221 acres. 



EARLY MICHIGAN. 



13 



GOVERNORS OF MICHIGAN. 

under french dominion. 

Samuel Champlain, - - - - 162 2-1 635 

m. de montmagny, . - - - 1636-1647 

M. DE AlLLEBOUT, - - - - 1648-1650 

M. DE Lauson, 1651-1656 

M. DE Lauson (son), - - - - 1656-165 7 

M. DE AlLLEBOUT, . - . - 1657-1658 

M. DE Argenson, .... 1658-1660 

Baron de Avangour, - - . - 1 661-1663 

M. DE Mesey, 1663-1665 

M. DE Courcelles, .... 1665-1672 

Count de Frontenac, - - - 167 2- 1682 

M. DE LA BaRRE, 1682-1685 

m. de nouville, .... 1685-1689 

Count de Frontenac, - - . - 1 689-1 698 

M. DE Callieres, .... 1 699-1 703 

M. DE Vaudreuil, ... - 1703-1725 

M. DE Beauharnois, - . . . 1726-1747 

M. DE Galissoniere, ... - 1747-1749 

M. DE LA JONQUIERE, - - - 1749-1752 

M. DU QUESNE, 1752-1755 

M. DE Vaudreuil de Cavagnac, - 1 755-1763 



under british dominion. 

James Murray, . _ . . 1 763-1 767. 

Guy Carleton, - . . . . 1768-1777. 

Frederick Haldimand, - - - 1 777-1785. 

Henry Hamilton, - . _ . 1785-1786. 

Lord Dorchester, - . . - 1786-1796. 



territorial governors. 
Northwest Territory. 
Arthur St. Clair, .... 



1796-1800. 



14 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

Indiana Territory. 

William Henry Harrison, - - 1800-1805. 

Michigan Territory. 

William Hull, .... 1805-18 13. 

Lewis Cass, 1813-1831. 

George B. Porter,"*- - - - 1 831-1834. 

Stevens T. Mason, ex-officio^ - - - 1 834-1 835. 

UNDER state AUTHORITY. 

Stevens T. Mason, - - - - 1 835-1 840. 

William Woodbridge, - - - - 1 840-1 841. 

J. Wright GoRDON,t - - - 1841-1842. 

John S. Barry, 1 842-1 846. 

Alpheus Felch, .... 1 846-1 847. 

William L. Greenly, t- - - - 1847- 1848. 

Epaphroditus Ransom, - - - 1 848-1 850. 

John S. Barry, 1850-1852. 

Robert McClelland, - - - 185 2-1 853. 

Andrew PARSONS,t . _ . . 1853-185 5. 

Kinsley S. Bingham, - - - 185 5-1 859. 

MbsES WiSNER, 1 859-1 86 T. 

Austin Blair, 1861-1865. 

Henry H. Crapo, . . . _ 1865-1869. 

Henry R Baldwin, - . - 1869-1873. 

John J. Bagley, 1873-1877. 

Charles M. Croswell, - - - 1877-1881. 

George H. Jerome, . . _ . 1 881-1885. 

* Died while in office, July 6, 1834, and was succeeded by the then Secre- 
tary of the Territory, Stevens T. Mason, 
t Lieutenant-Governors actinir as Governor. 



PUBLIC OFFICERS. 



IS 



INDIAN AGENTS. 



Agents for Mackinac and vicinity: 

1816-24 W. H. PuTHUFF. 1857-61 

1824-33 George Boyd. 1861-65 

1833-41 H. R. Schoolcraft. 1865-69 

1841-45 Robert Stuart. 1869 

1845-49 Wm. a. Richmond. 1869-71 

1849-51 Chas. p. Babcock. 1 87 1 

1851-53 Rev. Wm. Sprague. 1871-76 

1853-67 Henry C. Gilbert. 1876-82 



Andrew M. Fitch.. 
D. C. Leach. 
Richard M. Smith.. 
Wm. H. Brockway. 
James W. Long. 
Richard M. Smith. 
George I. Betts. 
George W. Lee. 



MACKINAC -COUNTY CLERKS. 



The following is a list of the Clerks of the County from 
its organization in 18 18: 



1 81 8-2 1 Thomas Lyon. 1855-58 

1822-24 F. Hinchman. 1859-63 

1825-46 J. P. King. 1864 

1847-52 P. C. Kevan. 1865-82 

1S53-54 W. M. Johnston. 



John Becker. 
W. M. Johnston. 
Charles OAIalley. 
John Biddle. 



MACKINAC. 



Wardens or Presidents of _the Borough or Village .of 
Mackinac, since its incorporation in 18 17: 



1817-21 

1822 

1823 

1824-25 

1826 

1827-30 

1831 

1832-43 

1844 

1845 

1845 

1846 



W. H. Puthuff. 
G. Boyd. 
W. H. Puthuff. 
M. Dousman. 
J. N. Bailey. 
S. Abbott. 
E. Biddle. 
S. Abbott. 
E. Biddle. 
S. Abbott. 

A. Wendell. 

B. Chapman. 



1848 A. Todd. 

1849 B. Chapman. 
1850-55 A. Todd. 
1856 J. P. King. 

1 86 1 J. B. CoucHois. 

1872 J. Becker. 

1873 W. Madison. 

1874 Dr. J. R. Bailey. 
1875-76 E. C. Gaskill. 
1877-81 W. P. Preston. 
1882 H. A. N. Todd.. 



l6 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

POSTMASTERS. 



Postmasters at Mackinac since the establishment of the 
Post Office in 1819: 

The Office was known as MichiHmackinac until 1825, 

1819-22 Adam D. Stewart. 1859-61 John Biddle. 

1822-25 John tV. Mason. 1861-66 James Lasley. 

1825-29 Jonathan N.Bailey.* 1866-67 John Becker. 

1829-49 Jonathan P. King. 1867-77 James Lasley. 

1849-53 James H. Cook. 1877-80 George C. Ketcham. 

1853-59 Jonathan .P. King. 1880 James Lasley. 

"The first post-office on this side of the Atlantic was established 
by Gov. Lovelace, at New York, in 1672. 

"In the month of July, 1683, WiUiam Penn issued an order 
for the estabUshment of a post-office at Philadelphia. 

"The first stage between New York and Philadelphia com- 
menced running in 1756, and occupied three days. 

"The first stage between Boston and New York commenced 
the 24th of June, 1772, to run once a fortnight, as a useftil, new, 
and expensive undertaking. 

"The first mail-route crossing the Alleghany mountains was 
opened from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, in 1788; in the year 
1789, there were only seventy-five post-offices in the whole 
country. 

"In 1794, a route was extended, semi-monthly, to Louisville, 
and to Vincennes, in 1800. In 18 10, a route was established 
from Vincennes to Cape Girardeau. There was a direct route, 
in 1824, ft"om Vandalia to Springfield; David McKee, in the year 
1826, on account of the Government, and mainly for the con- 
venience of that part of the army stationed at Fort Dearborn, 
engaged to carry despatches and letters, once a month, between 
Chicago and Fort Wayne; it took two weeks on horseback for 
the round trip. " 

* First Postmaster at Chicago. Appointed March 31st, 1831. 



NATIONAL PARK. 1 7 

NATIONAL PARK. — ISLAND OF MACKINAC. 



On March ii, 1873, Hon. T. W. Ferry, Senator from 
Michigan, introduced in the Senate, the following: 

Resolved, That so much of the Island of Mackinac, lying in the 
Straits of Mackinac, within the County of Mackinac, in the State 
of Michigan, as is now held by the United States under military 
reservation or otherwise, (excepting the Fort Mackinac and so 
much of the present reservation thereof as bounds it to the south 
of the village of Mackinac, and to the west, north, and east re- 
spectively by lives drawn north and south, east and west, at a 
distance from the present fort flag-staff of four hundred yards,) 
hereby is reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy, or 
sale under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set 
apart as a National public park, or grounds, for health, comfort, 
and pleasure, for the benefit and enjoyment of the people; and 
all persons who shall locate or settle upon or occupy the same, or 
any part thereof, except as herein provided, shall be considered 
trespassers, and removed therefrom. 

That said public park shall be under the exclusive control of 
the Secretary of War, whose duty it shall be, as soon as practica- 
ble, to make and publish such rules and regulations as he may 
deem necessary or proper for the care and management of the 
same. Such regulations shall provide for the preservation from 
injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curi- 
osities, or wonders within said park, and their retention in their 
natural condition. The Secretary may, in his discretion, grant 
leases, for building purposes, of small parcels of ground, at such 
places in said park as shall require the erection of buildings for 
the accommodation of visitors, for terms not exceeding ten years; 
all of the proceeds of said leases, and all other revenues derived 
from any source connected with said park, to be expended, under 
his direction, in the management of the same and in the construc- 
tion of roads and bridle-paths therein. He shall provide against 
the wanton destruction of game or fish found within said park, 
2 



l8 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

and against their capture or destruction for any purposes of use or 
profit. He also shall cause all persons trespassing upon the same 
after the passage of this act to be removed therefrom, and gener- 
ally shall be authorized to take all such measures as shall be 
necessary or proper to fully carry out the objects and purposes of 
this act. 

That any part of the park hereby created shall at all times be 
available for military purposes, either as a parade or drill ground, 
in time of peace, or for complete occupation in time of war, or 
whenever war is expected, and may also be used for the erection 
of any public buildings or works: Provided^ That no person shall 
ever claim or receive of the United States any damage on account 
of any future amendment or repeal of this act, or the taking of 
said park, or any part thereof, for public purposes or use. 

Senator Ferry did not forget his work or neglect his 
opportunities, and on March 3, 1875, after a two years' 
struggle, he finally procured the passage of the Act for the 
Mackinac National Park. His regard for this spot — his 
birthplace and boyhood home — led him to advocate his 
park bill at all times and places, until his fellow-members 
dubbed it " Ferry's Park." It has since become a great 
national resort for invalids and pleasure-seekers, and fully 
justifies his foresight in securing it from monopoly and for 
the people. His remarks, in 1873, when opposed by Sena- 
tors Casserly, Hamilton, Saulsbury, and others, were as 
follows : 

Mr. President, I ask the indulgence of the Senate to occupy 
a few moments in stating why I desire this resolution to pass, and 
to very briefly call attention to some of the considerations which 
have moved me to take steps toward the attainment of a measure 
wholly in the interest of the public good. 

My purpose was to invite action upon this project by the pass- 
age of a bill of like features at the late session of Congress. The 
extraordinary pressure of graver matters precluded the possibility 
of consideration. Notwithstanding the approval of both Military 



NATIONAL PARK. 19 

Committees of that Congress, following the concurrence of the 
Secretary of War, the rules of the Senate, rigorously enforced, 
barred what I had good reason to beUeve the ready passage of the 
bill. Since it could not be reached, and fell, with other measures, 
by the termination of Congress, I desire now to so far recur to it 
as to call public attention to the subject, that during the months 
of recess before us popular judgment and comment may find way 
to the next Congress in approval or disapproval of what I am 
persuaded will verily subserve the general welfare. 

As the bill expresses, its object is to set aside a national park, 
and dedicate to the public use, all of the public grounds, except 
the necessary surroundings of the Fort, now held by the Govern- 
ment, within the Island of Mackinac, as a military reservation or 
otherwise. If in past years this island was considered as a point 
of such strategic importance as to warrant its withdrawal from 
public sale, it certainly can not longer be regarded as so essential 
to the national safety as to be continued in the sense of an indis- 
pensible military reservation. Whatever of importance may have 
attached to salient points along our northern border, as coming 
within the scope of national guardianship and retention against 
the possible event of rupture with the British Government, these 
fears may henceforth be regarded as groundless. War with Great 
Britain would be American occupation for her Canadian posses- 
sions. For military purposes, therefore, we no longer need to 
hold the Island of Mackinac. This fact is practically recognized 
by the dilapidated condition of the Fort, now left to crumble into 
decay by the indifference shown by the Government to any ex- 
penditure looking to the preservation of the military work at that 
post. Were it otherwise, and the point deemed of any importance 
in respect to future military necessities, this design does in nowise 
conflict with any such use of the island which the mihtary exi- 
gencies of the country might demand. It seeks not to divert 
from, but to keep it, as now, under the continued control of the 
War Department of the Government. In the possibilities of the 
future, the use to which it is proposed to dedicate the island will 
not prejudice or defeat the utilization of the spot as a base for 



20 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

military operations. Then, as now, the Government will have 
the same access to, and occupation of, its area, for all purposes of 
public emergency. There can, therefore, be no military objection 
to the purpose sought. To place this beyond doubt, during the 
late session I formally invited the attention of the Secretary of 
War to the provisions of the measure, and asked his consideration 
and approval of the same, if deemed compatible with the public 
use and safety. The General of the Army was also conferred 
with upon the subject. The officer having military charge of the 
lakes was called upon to express any objection which might occur 
to him against the adoption of such a measure. Besides, as 
stated, the Military Committee of the last Senate fully considered 
the proposition, and now all these may be said to have given their 
unqualified approval of the measure. 

I have said this much upon the military aspect of the case, 
more because of the lact of the reservation being a military one, 
and held as such, and possibly considered by the public as of 
some strategic importance. When, in the early years of our lake 
navigation, the commerce of the lakes passed through the north 
channel, between Mackinac and Round Island, the fort on Mack- 
inac Island commanded this commerce. Of later years it has 
been found that the better one is what is now known as the south 
channel, through which the great part of the growing commerce 
•of these lakes passes, and really Mackinac is too distant from the 
course taken to be of any practical use in a military espionage of 
this branch of national pursuits. 

It is a significant historical commentary of this, that Old Mack- 
inaw, on the mainland of the lower peninsular of Michigan, was 
where the British first erected their fort, following in the wake of 
the Indian choice of the like spot as the commanding one of the 
Straits. The Island of Mackinac was not till 1780 selected as a 
locality of any importance, and then by the British as a place of 
security by its isolation from the surprises and incursions of war- 
like savages. The massacre of the British garrison at Old Mack- 
inaw, by hostile Indians in 1763, led to the selection of Mackinac 
Island as the more secluded, and consequently safer, rather than 



NATIONAL PARK. 21 

the most commanding location for the military defence of the 
Straits. The islaiid falling into our hands by the definitive treaty 
of peace of 1783, retaken by the British in 181 2, and restored by 
the treaty of Ghent in 18 14, has, by these successive transitions, 
historically grown into military fame. The observant and instinc- 
tive Indian chose better when he established his poiiit d' appui at 
Old Mackinaw, where the Straits are but four miles wide, and the 
narrowest point, rather than, as the white man since has done, on 
an island seven miles distant from the course of commerce. 

It will hence be noticed that whatever may be the reasons for 
retaining possession of the Island for Government uses, it can not 
chiefly be considered as of much military significance to the 
nation. Of traditional and historical value, it possessess much 
to endear it to the people, and as one of the earlier landmarks 
of national boundary and history, it will not easily pass out of 
annals or recollections. 

In the estimation of the natives, who made it a point of interest 
bordering upon veneration, the island was not only of singular 
beauty, but made sacred to them by legends and traditions from 
immemorial tribes and races. 

Its antiquity is worthy of note. As early as the Puritan Land- 
ing it was trodden by whites, for the French occupied and roamed 
about it in 1620. At Old Mackinaw, Pere Marquette established 
his mission in 167 1, and following his death, this mission of peace 
was transformed into the seat of war. Thousands of Indian war- 
riors held their councils and dances, and planned their murderous 
forays at these notable chief quarters. The confederate tribes 
gathered here to devise ways and means to capture and destroy 
tribal foes. It was the grand place of meeting and point of 
departure for trade and war. Here the scalps were brought and 
counted, the wampum distributed, and the warrior decorated. 

So near this scene of warlike sway, where whoop and song made 
nightly orgies more terribly hideous, it was not strange that the 
superstitious Indian, beholding in the distance an island of much 
natural beauty and grotesque crest, three hundred feet above the 
watery surface, naturally clothed its striking features with the 



22 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

supernatural, naming it "the island of giant fairies." To this day 
the Indian looks upon and treads the almost unbroken surface of 
Mackinac with much of the veneration which inspired his early 
fathers when they first saw and consecrated to the Great Spirit the 
favored island. 



The following are the approved Rules and Regulations 
for the Park at Mackinac: 

I. Mackinac Park will be under the immediate control and 
management of the commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac, who is 
charged with the duty of preserving order, protecting the public 
property therein, and enforcing these rules : 

II. All tenants renting under the Act of Congress providing 
therefor must conform to, and abide by, such rules and regula- 
tions as are prescribed for the care of the park, and will be held 
responsible for a compliance with the same on the part of the 
members of their families, their agents, and employes. 

III. The sale of wines and malt or spirituous liquors on the 
park, without special authority from the commanding- officer of 
Fort Mackinac, or higher military authority, is prohibited. 

IV. No person shall put cattle, swine, horses, or other animals 
on the park, except as follows : 

The cows belonging to the residents of the Island of Mackinac 
may be placed in a herd, under the care of a herder, and be per- 
mitted to graze in such parts of the park as may be designated 
by the commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac. 

V. Racing or riding and driving at great speed is prohibited. 

VI. No person shall indulge in any threatening, abusive, in- 
sulting, or indecent language in the park. 

VII. No person shall commit any obscene or indecent act in 
the park. 

VIII. No frays, quarrels, or disorders of any kind will be per- 
mitted in the park. 

IX. No person shall carry or discharge fire-arms in the park. 

X. No person shall injure or deface the trees, shrubs, turf, 



NATIONAL PARK. 23 

natural curiosities, or any of the buildings, fences, bridges, or 
other structures within the park. 

XI. No person shall injure, deface, or destroy any notices, 
rules or regulations for the government of the park, posted, or in 
any other manner permanently fixed, by order or permission of 
the authorities of the park. 

XII. No person shall wantonly destroy any game or fish 
within the park, nor capture nor destroy the same for any pur- 
poses of use or profit. 

XIII. Any person who shall violate any of these Rules and 
Regulations shall be ejected from the park by military authority, 
and in case the person so offending shall have committed any 
offence in violation of any of the statutes of the United States or 
of the State of Michigan the offender shall be proceeded against 
before the United States or State courts, according to the laws 
providing for the same. 

XIV. The commanding-officer of Fort Mackinac may, at any 
time, add to or modify these Rules, subject to the approval of the 
Secretary of War. 

When the Park was surveyed, Lots were set apart for 
building purposes in the following places: on the bluff near 
''Robertson's Folly"; on the blufT on the N.-W. side of the 
island; and on the bluff extending from the old Indian 
burying-ground along by "Pontiac's Lookout." The latter 
are the most desirable in many respects. 

The rent per annum ranges from ten to twenty -five 
dollars a lot, but as yet none have been taken. 

Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard, of Chicago, who owns a tract 
of eighty acres adjacent to 'Tontiac's Lookout," has platted 
his land so as to correspond with the Park Lots, Streets, 
etc. "Lover's Leap" and "Devil's Kitchen" are in this 
tract. 



THE LEGEND OF "LOVER'S LEAP". 



Many years ago, there lived a warrior on this Island^ 
whose name was Wawanosh, He was the chief of an an- 
cient family of his tribe, who had preserved the line of 
chieftainship unbroken from a remote time, and he conse- 
quently cherished a pride of ancestry. To the reputation 
of birth he added the advantages of a tall and command- 
ing person, and the dazzling qualities of personal strength, 
courage, and activity. His bow was noted for its size, and 
the feats he had performed with it. His counsel was sought 
as much as his strength was feared, so that he came to be 
equally regarded as a hunter, a warrior, and a counsellor. 
He had now passed the meridian of his days, and the term 
Akkee-waizee, i. e., one who has been long on the earth, 
was applied to him. 

Such was Wawanosh, to whom the united voice of the 
nation awarded the first place in their esteem, and the 
highest authority in council. But distinction, it seems, is 
apt to engender haughtiness in the hunter state as well as 
civilized life. Pride was his ruling passion, and he clung 
with tenacity to the distinctions which he regarded as an 
inheritance. 

Wawanosh had an only daughter, who had now lived to 
witness the budding of the leaves of the eighteenth spring. 
Her father was not more celebrated for his deeds of strength 
than she for her gentle virtues, her slender form, her full 
beaming hazel eyes, and her dark and flowing hair. 

Her hand was sought by a young man of humble parent- 



THE LEGEND OF LOVER'S LEAP. 25 

age, who had no other merits to recommend him but such 
as might arise from a tall and commanding person, a manly 
step, and an eye beaming with the tropical fires of youth 
and love. These were sufficient to attract the favorable 
notice of the daughter, but were by no means satisfactory 
to the father, who sought an alliance more suitable to the 
rank and the high pretensions of his family. 

** Listen to me, young man," he replied to the trembling 
hunter, who had sought the interview, "and be attentive to 
my words. You ask me to bestow upon you my daughter, 
the chief solace of my age, and my choicest gift from the 
Master of Life. Others have asked of me this boon, who 
were as young, as active, and as ardent as yourself Some 
of these persons have had better claims to become my 
son-in-law. Have you reflected upon the deeds which have 
raised me in authority, and made my name known to the 
enemies of my nation.'* Where is there a chief who is not 
proud to be considered the friend of Wawanosh.? Where, 
in all the land, is there a hunter who has excelled Wawa- 
nosh.^ Where is there a warrior who can boast the taking 
of an equal number of scalps .!* Besides, have you not 
heard that my fathers came from the East, bearing the 
marks of chieftaincy.''" 

"And what, young man, have you to boast .^ Have you 
ever met your enemies in the field of battle.-* Have you 
ever brought home a trophy of victory .-* Have you ever 
proved your fortitude by suffering protracted pain, endur- 
ing continued hunger, or sustaining great fatigue.^ Is your 
name known beyond the humble limits of your native vil- 
lage.? Go, then, young man, and earn a name for yourself. 
It is none but the brave that can ever hope to claim an 
alliance with the house of Wawanosh." 

The intimidated lover departed, but he resolved to do a 
deed that should render him worthy of the daughter of 



26 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

Wawanosh, or die in the attempt. He called together 
several of his young- companions and equals in years, and 
imparted to them his design of conducting an expedition 
against the enemy, and requested their assistance. Sev- 
eral embraced the proposal immediately; and, before ten 
suns set, he saw himself at the head of a formidable party 
of young warriors, all eager, like himself, to distinguish 
themselves in battle. Each warrior was armed, accord- 
ing to the custom of the period, with a bow and a quiver 
of arrows, tipped with flint or jasper. He carried a 
sack or wallet, provided with a small quantity of parched 
and pounded corn, mixed with pemmican or maple-sugar. 
He was furnished with a Puggamaugun, or war-club of 
hard wood, fastened to a girdle of deerskin, and a stone or 
copper knife. In addition to this, some carried the ancient 
sJiemagim, or lance, a smooth pole about a fathom in length, 
with a javelin of flint firmly tied on with deer's sinews. 
Thus equipped, and each warrior painted in a manner to 
suit his fancy, and ornamented with appropriate feathers, 
they repaired to the spot appointed for the war-dance. 

A level, grassy plain extended for nearly a mile from the 
lodge of Wawanosh along the lake shore. Lodges of bark 
were promiscuously interspersed over this green, and here 
and there a solitary tall pine. A belt of yellow sand 
skirted the lake shore in front, and a tall, thick forest 
formed the background. In the centre of this plain stood 
a high shattered pine, with a clear space about, renowned 
as the scene of the war-dance time out of mind. Here 
the youths assembled, with their tall and graceful leader, 
distinguished by the feathers of the bald-eagle, which he 
wore on his head. A bright fire of pine wood blazed upon 
the green. He led his men several times around this fire, 
with a measured and solemn chant. Then suddenly halt- 
ing, the war-whoop was raised, and the dance immediately 



THE LEGEND OF LOVER'S LEAP. 2/ 

began. An old man, sitting at the head of the ring, beat 
time upon the drum, while several of the elder warriors 
shook their rattles, and "ever and anon" made the woods 
re-echo with their yells. 

Thus they continued the dance for two successive days 
and nights. 

At length the prophet uttered his final prediction of suc- 
cess; and the warriors dropping off, one by one, from the 
fire, took their way to the place appointed for the rendez- 
vous, on the confines of the enemy's country. Their leader 
was not among the last to depart, but he did not leave the 
village without seeking an interview with the daughter of 
Wawanosh. He disclosed to her his firm determination 
never to return, unless he could establish his name as a 
warrior. He told her of the pangs he had felt at the bitter 
reproaches of her father, and declared that his soul spurned 
the imputation of effeminacy and cowardice implied by his 
language. He averred that he could never be happy until 
he had proved to the whole tribe the strength of his heart. 
He said that his dreams had not been propitious, but he 
should not cease to invoke the power of the Great Spirit. 
He repeated his protestations of inviolable attachment, 
which she returned, and, pledging vows of mutual fidelity, 
they parted. 

That parting proved final. All she ever heard from her 
lover after this interview was brought by one of his suc- 
cessful warriors, who said that he had distinguished himself 
by the most heroic bravery, but, at the close of the fight, 
he had received an arrow in his breast. The enemy fled, 
leaving many of their warriors dead on the field. On ex- 
amining the wound, it was perceived to be beyond their 
power to cure. They carried him toward home a day's 
journey, but he languished and expired in the arms of his 
friends. From the moment the report was received, no 



28 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

smile was ever seen in the once happy lodge of Wawanosh. 
His daughter pined away by day and by night. Tears, 
sighs, and lamentation were heard continually. Nothing 
could restore her lost serenity of mind. Persuasives and 
reproofs were alternately employed, but employed in vain. 
She would seek a sequestered spot, where she would sit 
under a shady tree and sing her mournful laments for hours 
together. Passages of these are yet repeated by tradition, 
one of which we give: 

THE LOON'S FOOT. 
I thought it was the loon's foot, I saw beneath the tide, 
But no — it was my lover's shining paddle I espied; 
It was my lover's paddle, as my glance I upward cast, 
That dipped so light and gracefully as o'er the lake I passed. 
The loon's foot — the loon's foot, 

'Tis graceful on the sea; 

But not so light and joyous as 

That paddle-blade to me. 

My eyes were bent upon the wave, I cast them not aside, 
And thought I saw the loon's foot beneath the silver tide. 
But ah ! my eyes deceived me — for as my glance I cast, 
It was my lover's paddle-blade that dipped so light and fast. 
The loon's foot — the loon's foot, 

'Tis sweet and fair to see, 
But oh, my lover's paddle-blade, 
Is sweeter far to me. 

The lake's wave — the long wave — the billow big and free, 
It wafts me up and down, within my yellow light canoe; 
But while I see beneath heaven pictured as I speed, 
It is that beauteous paddle blade, that makes it heaven indeed. 
The loon's foot— the loon's foot, 

The bird upon the sea. 
Ah ! it is not so beauteous 
As that paddle-blade to me. 



THE LEGEND OF LOVER S LEAP. 29 

It was not long before a small bird of beautiful plumage 
flew upon the tree under which she usually sat. This mys- 
terious visitor, which, from its sweet and artless notes, is 
called Chileeli, seemed to respond in sympathy to her 
plaintive voice. It was a strange bird, such as had not 
before been observed. It came every day and remained 
chanting its notes till nightfall; and when it left its perch 
on the tree, it seemed, from the delicate play of the colors 
of its plumage, as if it had taken its hues from the rainbow. 
Her fond imagination soon led her to suppose it was the 
spirit of her lover, and her visits to the lonely rock were 
repeated more frequently. She passed much of her time 
in fasting and singing her plaintive songs. There she pined 
away, taking little nourishment, and constantly desiring to 
pass away to that land of expected bliss and freedom from 
care, where it is believed that the spirits of men will be 
again reunited, and tread over fields of flowery enjoyment. 
One evening, her lifeless body was found at the foot of the 
rock, but when death came to her, it was not as the bearer 
of gloom and regrets, but as the herald of happiness. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS, 

CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. 



PERE ALLOUEZ VISITS THE SAULT. 

1665. Father Claude Allouez was born in France, but 
in what part or when we have not learned. He was a 
Jesuit, and sailed in 1658, arriving at Quebec in July of 
that year. We do not give particular details, but " he was," 
says Shea, ** not inferior in zeal and ability to any of the 
great missionaries of his time." He was at the Falls ot 
St. Mary in September, 1665, and subsequently at Chegoi- 
megon, on Lake Superior, and founded the Mission of St. 
Francis Xavier, near Green Bay After the death of Mar- 
quette, he succeeded to the Illinois Mission. Whatever 
may have been the cause, it is known that this missionary 
was not a favorite of the explorer LaSalle, indeed his pres- 
ence was offensive to him, and it is understood that Al- 
louez retired from Illinois, expecting M. LaSalle, and went 
to Wisconsin, but returned again, it is understood, and is 
believed to have been there in 1689. Possibly he died 
that year, but the place of his death is not learned. Ban- 
croft says of that missionary: *' Father Claude Allouez has 
imperishably connected his name with the progress of dis- 
covery in the West." 

FATHER MARQUETTE AT THE SAULT. 

1668. James Marquette was a descendant of a some- 
what distinguished family, and was born in the City of 

30 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 3,1 

Laon, France, in the year 1637. '* He became a Jesuit at 
the age of 17, and some time afterward, in 1666, sailed for 
Canada, as a missionary, landing at Quebec in September^ 
of that year. During the two succeeding years, he was 
engaged in studying the Indian languages, and in the 
spring of 1668, he embarked, via the Ottawa and French 
Rivers and Lake Huron, for the River St. Mary, at the 
falls of which a mission was to be established, with Mar- 
quette at its head. There were, of the same religious, 
faith, earlier missionaries than Marquette in the region of 
the great upper lakes, who were brave and devoted men; 
but it was Marquette's tour to the Mississippi which has 
made his name pre-eminently famous. Pushing out as he 
did into the region of the yet undiscovered wonders of the 
great valley, details of which journey have been fortunately 
preserved to us by his faithful obedience to the instructions 
of his Superior, our admiration is enlisted by the charm of 
its romance. Yet it was the lofty aim of Marquette to be 
of enduring service to his fellow-men; it was his integrity^ 
his unselfishness, his untiring zeal, his gentle and uncom- 
plaining disposition, and his early self-sacrifice near akin 
to martyrdom, that command our sympathies, and these 
are what made him truly great. In the autumn of 1669, 
he was chosen to go to Lapoint, or Chegoimegon, near the 
west end of Lake Superior, to continue the labors begun 
some years before by AUouez, or. still earlier by Menard- 
In the spring of 1 671, Marquette accompanied the fleeing 
Hurons, who sought a refuge at the Straits of Mackinac 
from the fierce Sioux warriors, who had taken the war- 
path against them; thence in the spring of 1673, Joliet, 
the leader, having arrived, they departed on their expedi- 
tion for the great river. Marquette returned to Chicago, 
without doubt, after his visit to the Indian village on the 
Illinois, and in the month of May, 1675, he passed to the 



32 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

Other side of the lake, and not only to the other side of it, 
but to the eternal shores beyond. On his way to Macki- 
naw, by the eastern shore of the lake, accompanied, doubt- 
less, by the faithful Peter and James, he went ashore at 
the mouth of a river, since known by his name, and retired 
by himself, having requested the men to leave him alone 
for a brief space. But the good father had died in a little 
time, and they buried him upon the bank of the stream. 
Such is the tradition. So much, certainly, is not unreason- 
able, without giving credence to the numerous, minute,and 
and dramatic details, portrayed by imaginative and artistic 
limners, as attending the exit of that true gentleman and 
kind-hearted missionary. He is understood to have died 
on the 1 8th of May, 1675." 

FATHER DABLON AT THE SAULT. 

1668. Father Claudius Dablon came to Canada in 
1655, and was sent directly to Onondaga, where he con- 
tinued a few years; afterward made an attempt to reach 
Hudson's Bay by the Saguenay, but was stopped by Iro- 
quois war-parties. "In 1668, he followed Father Marquette 
to Lake Superior, became superior of the Ottawa mission, 
founded Sault Ste. Marie, visited Green Bay, and reached 
the Wisconsin with Allouez; then returned to Quebec to 
assume his post as superior of all the Canada missions. 
This office he held, with intervals, for many years, cer- 
tainly till 1693; and he was still alive, but not, apparently, 
superior in the following year. * * * 'pj^g 

period of his death is unknown." 



.._AJ'S^-fy^f^Jir-^\j^ 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 33 

JOLIET AT MICHILIMACKINAC. 

1673. Louis Joliet, the son of a wheelwright, was born 
in Quebec, in 1645. He was educated at the Jesuit College 
of Quebec, but afterward engaged in the fur-trade in the 
West, and was selected by the Government to lead the 
expedition in 1673, for the exploration of the Mississippi. 
We know the result of that journey; while the fatefulness 
of an accident has left a cloud which envelopes the de- 
served fame of Louis Joliet, the lovely character of Pere 
Marquette, his story of their tour to the Mississippi, his 
struggles and death, has also led us to forget that Joliet 
was first entitled to the laurel wreath for that exploratioji 
and discovery. The reward bestowed by the French sover- 
eign upon Joliet for that distinguished service was rather 
a barren one, being the Island of Anticosti, in the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence. The gift proved an unlucky one; his island, 
in 1 69 1, was captured, and himself and family made pris- 
oners, by a British fleet under Sir Wm. Phipps, suffering 
the entire loss of his estate. Shea says: "He died ap- 
parently in the last year of the seventeenth century." 

LASALLE, HENNEPIN, AND HENRY DETONTY 
AT MICHILIMACKINAC. 

1679. The most remarkable character among the ex- 
plorers of the Mississippi Valley, in the latter half of the 
seventeenth century, was Robert Cavelier de La Salle. 
Viewed in the light and sense of worldly enterprise, he is 
to be considered as surpassing all others in lofty and com- 
prehensive aims, in determined energy and unyielding 
courage, both moral and physical. He faltered at no 
laborious undertaking ; no distrust by nerveless friends, 
no jealous envy or schemes of active enemies, no misfor- 
tune damped the ardor of his plans and movements. If 



34 



ANNALS OF FORT .MACKINAC. 




The "Griffon." 

THE FIRST VESSEL ON THE UPPER LAKES. 
BUILT BY LA SALLE, 1 679. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 35 

there was a mountain in his track, he could scale it; if a 
lion beset his path, he could crush it. Nothing but the 
hand of the lurking assassin could quench the fire of that 
brave heart. We may briefly say, that LaSalle was born 
in the city of Rouen, France, November 22, 1643. The 
name LaSalle was borrowed from an estate, in the neigh- 
borhood of Rouen, belonging to his family, the Caveliers. 
Robert was educated at one of the Jesuit seminaries, and 
as one of that order he continued a short time; but in 
1666, he came to America, and it is said that he made 
early exploration to the Ohio, and was possibly near the 
Mississippi before Joliet and Marquette's voyage hither. 
We can here only allude to a few items and facts in La- 
Salle's career. It was a marked incident, and so appears 
on the historic page, when LaSalle, in 1679, voyaged to 
Green Bay on the Grijfon, the first sail vessel of the lakes 
above the Falls, and which he had built on the bank of 
Cayuga Creek, a tributary of the Niagara. But that busi- 
ness trip was a mere pleasure excursion when compared 
with the efforts required of him to engineer and bring 
about certain indispensible preparations, involving ways 
and means, before the keel of that renowned craft should 
be laid, and before she spread her wings to the breeze and 
departed outward from Buffalo Harbor of the future. And 
what an unhesitating morning -walk was that of his, in 
1680, when he set out on foot from the Fort which (not 
him) they termed Broken Heart, where Peoria is, to go,, 
some twelve hundred miles perhaps, to Fort Frontenac, 
where Kingston is, at the lower end of Lake Ontario. His 
unyielding purpose was not to be delayed, but accelerated,, 
by the avalanche of misfortune which had fallen on him. 
He could not wait for railroads, nor turnpikes, nor civiliza- 
tion: he could not even wait for canoe navigation, for it 
was early spring — in the month of March — when the ice 



36 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

still lingered by the lake shores, and was running thickly 
in the streams. So, with one Indian and four white men, 
with small supply of edibles, yet with a large stock of re- 
solution, he took his way. The journey was accomplished, 
and he was back on Lake Michigan in the autumn ensu- 
ing. It has been suggested that his own enduring, iron 
nature, as it might be called, — unbending as it was in its 
requirements of others, — served, perhaps, to create enmi- 
ties and to occasion the final catastrophe. It may have 
been so; but whatever view may be taken, the doings of 
LaSalle must be called wonderful, his misfortunes number- 
less, and his death sad. The day on which LaSalle was 
killed is said to have been March 19, 1687. 

There is much of romantic interest in the life of Henry 
de Tonty which will ever attract attention to the story oi 
his experience in the wilds of America. He was born in 
Naples, Italy, in or near the year 1650. In a memoir, said 
to be written by him in 1693, he says: ''After having been 
eight years in the French service, by land and by sea, and 
having had a hand shot off in Sicily by a grenade, I re- 
solved to return to France to solicit employment." It was 
at the time when LaSalle had returned from America, and 
was getting recruits of means for his Western enterprise. 
The prime minister of Louis XIV., he that was called the 
great Colbert, knowing the soldier Tonty well, specially 
provided that the important project to be undertaken by 
LaSalle should have the benefit of the personal aid oi 
Tonty, who, though miaimed and single-handed, was yet 
ready to go forth to dare and to do. Tonty says: "We 
sailed from Rochelle on the 14th of July, 1678, and arrived 
at Quebec on the 15th of September following." We can 
not, of course, attempt to follow the brave and capable 
lieutenant of LaSalle in his various movements, even if 
we had a knowledge o( them; yet we may say, that if a 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 37 

trustful agent or manager was needed for any adventure 
by LaSalle, Totity was the man to fill the requirement. 
If a fort was wanted, he was the architect and overseer to 
construct it; if a peaceable envoy to the Indians was re- 
quired, he was the gifted embassador; if a tribe needed 
chastisement in battle, he was the able captain of the 
forces. We need not cite examples. Tonty was provided 
with some sort of a metallic arrangement as a substitute 
for the loss of part an arm; and he was known, it is said, 
far and near, among the tribes of red men, as " La Bras de 
Fer," or TJie man ivitJi the iron arm. If we rightly remem- 
ber, more than one tale has been constructed by novel- 
writers, with its scenes laid in the Far West, presenting 
Tonty as the principal character. In long time past, an 
island at the lower end of Lake Ontario was known as, and 
called, the Isle of l^onty, being named after our hero — the 
man with the iron arm ; but the name was afterward 
changed to that o{ Amherst. Whatever the deserts of the 
titled General Jeffrey Amherst may have been, Henry de 
Tonty was the greater man of the two. Tonty died at 
Fort St. Louis, on Mobile Bay, in the year 1704. 

CHARLEVOIX AT MICHILIMACKINAC. 

1 72 1. Peter Francis Xavier Charlevoix, who was born 
at St. Quentin, France, October, 1682, sometime a teacher 
in a Jesuit college, and also a missionary in Canada, made 
a tour from the St. Lawrence to New Orleans, via Lake 
Michigan, in 1721. He was at St. Joseph River, having 
passed from the Straits along the east shore of the Lake. 
Charlevoix died in Lafleche, France, in 1761. 

CONSPIRACY OF PONTIAC. 
1763. Under this conspiracy eleven posts were attack- 
ed, and eight captured. Pontiac was the principal chief of 



38 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

the Ottawas and the head of a confederacy between the 
Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawatomies ; he was bom 
about 17 1 5 and was said to have been a Catawba prisoner 
adopted by the Ottawas as their chief. 

Having secured the cooperation of the various neighbor- 
ing tribes, his plan was that each British fort should be 
attacked by the Indians in its vicinity, reserving the right 
to commence hostilities himself. 

May 7th, 1763. Under pretence of desiring a friendly 
council, he entered the Fort at Detroit with sixty other 
chiefs, all having weapons concealed under their blankets, 
the plot being to rise and attack the garrison during the 
council; but the commanding officer. Major Gladwyn, had 
received intelligence of their plans, from a girl belonging 
to the Chippewa tribe, the night before, and all the officers 
vvent to the council armed, while the garrison stood under 
arms outside. 

Pontiac, seeing his plans were discovered, withdrew with- 
out giving the signal for the attack. He tried to enter the 
Fort again on the 9th, but was refused admittance. The 
next day the Fort was beseiged by Indians, and they con- 
tinued their attacks, at intervals, until October 12th. 

The garrison at that time consisted of a part of the 8oth 
regiment, one hundred and twenty men and eight officers, 
under Major Gladwyn. 

Two armed schooners, the "Beaver" and the "Gladwyn," 
were anchored near the Fort, and rendered valuable assist- 
ance. 

May 13th. A strong detachment, under Lieut. Cuyler, 
was sent from Fort Niagara with provisions and supplies 
for the posts along the lakes. 

May 28th. While encamping for the night at Point 
Pelee, on Lake Erie, near the mouth of the Detroit River, 
they were attacked by a party of Wyandots. Lieut. Cuy- 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 39 

ler with about forty men escaped, and made their way back 
to Niagara; the rest, about sixty, were either killed or 
taken prisoners. 

About the middle of June, Capt. Dalzell left Fort Niag- 
aga with reinforcements and supplies for Detroit, and 
reached there on the 29th of July. The next day he made 
an attack on the Indians, but was unsuccessful, and was 
compelled to retire to the Fort after sustaining a heavy 
loss. 

May i6th. Seven Indians entered Fort Sandusky under 
pretence of holding a friendly council, during which the 
commanding officer, Ensign PauUy, was seized, the garrison 
massacred, and the Fort burned. Ensign PauUy was taken 
as a prisoner to the Indian encampment near Detroit, and 
his life saved by an old squaw who adopted him in place 
of her warrior, who had lately died. 

May 25th. Fort St. Joseph, on the south-eastern shore 
of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the St. Joseph River, 
was entered by a party of Pottawatomies, ostensibly for a 
friendly "talk," during which they fell upon the garrison 
and massacred eleven of them. Ensign Schlosser, the 
commanding officer, and three privates were seized and 
bound and taken to Detroit, where they were given up by 
the Indians to secure the release of some of their own 
tribe who were held as prisoners. 

May 27th. Fort Miami, on the Maumee River, at the 
•site of the present town of Fort Wayne, Indiana, was cap- 
tured. Ensign Holmes, the commanding officer, was in- 
duced to leave the Fort to visit a sick squaw, and was shot 
on the way. A sergeant attracted outside of the Fort by 
the shooting was also killed. The remainder of the garri- 
son, nine men, were compelled to surrender. 

June 1st. Fort Ouatenon, on the Wabash River, about 
eight miles from the present town of Lafayette, Indiana, 



40 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

was captured. Lieut. Jenkins, the commanding officer, 
was allured into an Indian cabin where he was seized and 
bound, several of the soldiers were treated in the same way, 
and the rest of the garrison surrendered. The captives 
were ransomed by the French settlers in the vicinity, and 
taken into their houses. 

June 2d. Fort Michilimackinac was captured. The 
garrison consisted of Capt, Etherington, Lieuts. Jamet and 
Leslie and about thirty-five men. A band of Chippewas 
while playing a game of ball just outside of the Fort, 
knocked the ball, as if by accident, so that it fell inside the 
stockade; the players rushed after it, and seizing their 
weapons from squaws, who had them concealed under their 
blankets, and had previously entered the Fort as a part of 
the plot, they raised the war-whoop and fell upon the gar- 
rison. Lieut. Jamet and fifteen men were killed. Capt. 
Etherington and Lieut. Leslie, who were watching the 
game of ball, and the rest of the garrison were taken pris- 
oners; they were afterward ransomed by Lieut. Gorell and 
his command from the Fort at Green Bay. 

On the 15th of June, Fort Presque Isle, now Erie, Penn- 
sylvania, was attacked by Indians and surrendered after a 
two days' siege. This was a very important post, as it 
controlled the connection between the lakes and Fort Pitt, 
but as it was considered impregnable, it was only garri- 
soned by an ensign (Christie) and twenty-seven men. At 
the end of two days, the Indians had completed such 
arrangements to burn the block-house in which the garri- 
son had gathered, that Ensign Christie deemed it prudent 
to surrender after receiving the promise of the Indians that 
the captives should not be molested, which promise, how- 
ever, was not kept. The Fort was plundered and the gar- 
rison taken to Detroit as prisoners. Ensign Christie after- 
ward escaped and succeeded in reaching the Fort. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 4I 

June 1 8th. Fort Le Boeuf, on the west branch of French 
Creek, in Pennsylvania, was attacked and set on fire the 
same night. The garrison consisted of Ensign Price and 
thirteen men; while the Fort was burning they made their 
escape under cover of the darkness, and finally reached 
Fort Pitt, passing Fort Venango, at the mouth of French 
Creek, which had been burned to the ground. An Indian, 
who was present at the destruction of this Fort, afterward 
related that all the garrison were massacred, except the 
commanding officer, Lieut. Gordon, who was compelled to 
write at the dictation of the Indians an account of their 
grievances, and was then tortured over a slow fire for sev- 
eral successive nights, until he died. 

June 2 1 St. Fort Ligonier, at the western foot of the 
Alleghany Mountains, commanded by Lieut. Archibald 
Blane, was attacked by Indians, but the garrison succeeded 
in repelling them. 

Fort Pitt, now Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, commanded by 
Capt. Ecuyer, was besieged by Indians from July 28th 
until August 1st. August loth, reinforcements arrived 
from Carlisle, under Col. Bouquet. From August ist until 
August loth, the Indians, who had withdrawn from the 
siege of the Fort, were engaged harassing and trying to 
capture these reinforcements. 

Pontiac was killed by an assassin, in 1769, near the pres- 
town of Cahokia, Illinois. 

NAVAL BATTLE ON LAKE ERIE. 

1 8 13, September loth, the hostile fleets of Great Britain 
and the United States, on Lake Erie, met near the head of 
the Lake, and a sanguinary battle ensued. The British 
fleet consisted of six vessels, carrying sixty-four guns, 
under command of the veteran Commodore Barclay; and 
the fleet of the United States consisted of nine vessels, 



42 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

carrying fifty-four guns, under command of the young and 
brave Commodore Oliver H. Perry. The result of this im- 
portant conflict was made known to the world in the follow- 
ing laconic dispatch, written at 4 P.M. of that day: — 

"Dear General: — We have met the enemy, and they are 
ours: Two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop. 

"With esteem, etc., O. H. Perry. 

-^'Gen. William H. Harrison." 

FIRST UPPER -LAKE STEAMBOAT. 

1818. The Walk-in-thc-Water, built at Black Rock, 
making her first trip in summer of 18 18, was the first steam- 
boat of the lakes above Niagara; the Ontario of Lake 
Ontario was earlier, having commenced running in spring 
of 1 8 17; yet Lake Champlain had a steamboat earlier still. 
But of the W alk-in-the- Water we were going to say, that 
her engine was not powerful enough to take her from the 
wharf at Black Rock, up the rapids to the lake; so a dozen 
yokes or so of oxen were employed to assist; this aid, 
Captain Rodgers, according to Schoolcraft, who took pas- 
sage on the boat, called ''the horned breezed 



THE LOCATION OF ST. IGNATIUS MISSION. 
We find the following in "Chicago Antiquities": 

"Elizabeth, N. J., April 15, 1877. 
"Dear Sir: 

"Though it is more than twenty years since I first wrote, I have 
never yet been able to identify the various positions which the 
Mission of St. Ignatius assumed at Mackinac. The vagueness 
and uncertainty continue. 

1672 Map in Relation shows it on N. Shore. 

1673 Marquette's map shows it on the Island. 
1688 LaHontan's map shows MVn on Mainland N. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS. 43 

1692 LeClereq's map shows MVn on Mainland N. 

1703 DeLisle's.map shows M's'n on Mainland N. 

1 7 18 DeLisle's map shows part on Isl'd and part on Mainl'd N. 

1 744 Charlevoix's map shows it on S. Shore, 

1760 Jeffrey's map shows old Mission on N. Shore, St. Ignace 
on S. Shore. 

1 761 Parkman's map in Pontiac shows M. on S. Shore. 

*'The original mission seems to have been on the northern 
shore, map in Rel 1672; or perhaps on island, Marquette's map. 
Transferred to northern shore between 1673 and 1688; on N. 
shore till 1700. Restored on S. shore by Louvigney 17 12. The 
mission on the island seems to have been casual. The mission 
began N. of lake, but after the restoration of post was begun in 
17 1 2 S. of strait. Yours Truly, 

"H. H. HuRLEUT, Esq., J. G. SHEA. 

"Chicago, Illinois." 

"There is a possibility that Father Marquette set out from what 
is now known as Point St. Ignace, on his voyage to the Missis- 
sippi, in the spring of 1673. '^^^ ^^^^P drawn by his own hand — 
today in St. Mary's College, Montreal (fac-similes of which are 
probably familiar to the reader) — was no doubt drawn while he 
remained at the mission of St. Xavier, near Green Bay, from the 
autumn of 1673 to that of 1674. On that map, the mission of St. 
Ignace is located on the Island of Mackinac. Marquette never 
in life returned to the Straits after the month of May, 1673. 



44 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

NAMES, FORMERLY APPLIED TO SOME OF 
THE WESTERN LAKES AND RIVERS, ETC. 

[From Chicago Antiquities.'] 

Lake Ontario. — Champlain called it '^ Lac St. Louis ;^' 
Count de Frontenac, in 1674, called it ''Ontario ;'' on San- 
son's map, 1679, it appears ''Ontario on Lac de St. Lonis ;'' 
it had also the name "Frontenac ;'' Hennipin called it "On- 
tario or Frontenac ;'' Tonti and Father Membre call it "Lake 
Frontenac r on De LTsle's maps, 1700, 1703, it appears 
"Lac Ontario;'' the English on claiming dominion called 
it "Kataraqui or Ontario;'' Mitchell's map gives it "On- 
tario or Catarakni'.' 

Lake Eric.^T\\\^ name, says Mr. Baldwin, was derived 
from the tribe of Fries, on the south shore; the same tribe 
was also called the Cat nation, "whence the lake had some- 
times the alias ' The Cat,' 'Fells', ' Dn Chat! Senex in 17 19, 
called it also ' Cadaraqua,' the name sometimes given to 
Ontario; Washington's Journal, Mitchell, and Pownal called 
it 'Okswego'." Hennepin called it "Erie," and also "Conty;" 
and Sanson's map, 1679, gives '^^ ''Frie Lac;" somewhere 
we have seen it "Lac Teiocha-rontiong, dit conimnnenient 
Lac Erie;" Membre called it " de Co7ity ;" De L' Isle's 
maps give it "Lac Erie!' 

Lake Huron. — This lake was named "des Hnrons" from 
the tribe of Indians of that name; somewhere it appears 
"Lac Huron, on Mer Douce des Htirons;" Champlain called 
it "Mer Douce;" Father Membre, as well as Hennepin, 
called it "Lake Orleans;" De L'Isle maps, 1703, 17 18, 
give it "Lac Huron oil Michigane" on his map of 1700, it 
appears "L. des Hurons;" Coxe, in 172 1, called it "Huron 
or ICaregnondi" or the deep lake; Washington's Journal, in 
1754, has "Quatoghi or Httrons" 



NAMES OF WESTERN LAKES AND RIVERS. 45 

Lake Superior. — Champlain applied ^^ Grand Lac'' to 
what is supposed to be this lake; Marquette's map gives 
it '^Lac Superieiir on de Tracy;'' Hennepin called it ''Lake 
Conde;'' on De L'Isle's maps it is ''Lac Siiperieur ;'' on 
Senex's map, 1719, and Coxe's, of 172 1, appears " Nadoiies- 
siaiisT 

Lake Michigan. — Father Marquette, Dablon, LaSalle, 
and others called it the lake of the "Ilinois;'' Claude 
Allouez, journeying in 1676, reached this lake on the eve 
of St. Joseph, and said "we gave it the name of that great 
Saint, and shall henceforth call it 'Lake St. Joseph;' " but 
Shea says that Allouez was the first to give it the name of 
"Lake Machihiganijig ;" somewhere we have seen it given 
"Lac Mitchiganong on des Ilinois;" LaSalle and Father 
Membre call it "Lake Danphin;" St. Cosme called it 
"Miesitgan," and also " Missigan ;" Marest (says Shea) 
was one of the first to call Lake Michigan by that name; 
Coxe called it "Lake of the lilinonecks." 

Lake St. Clair. — Somewhere we have seen it termed 
'* Tziketo, ou L^ac de la Chandiere;" Hennepin wrote it "St. 
Clare" (as by the translation); on the map of De L'Isle, of 
1700, it is "L. de Ste. Claire;" on his maps of 1703 and 
171 8, it appears "Lac GanatcJiio on Ste. Claire." Shea says, 
'*the name is commonly written St Clair, but this is incor- 
rect; we should either retain the French form Claire, or 
take the English Clare. It received its name in honor of 
the founder of the Franciscan nuns, from the fact that 
LaSalle reached it on the day consecrated to her." 

Mississippi River. — One or more of the outlets of this 
river was discovered in the year 15 19, by the Spanish 
officer, Don Alonzo Alvarez Pineda, in the service of de 
Garay, Governor of Jamaica, and who survej^ed a great 
part of the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico; he 
named the river "Rio del Espiritu Santo',' or the River of 



46 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

the Holy Ghost. It was known to De Soto by that name, 
being inscribed on the maps and charts of the day. De 
Soto named it ''EL Rio Grande del Florida,'' which name 
was long used in Spanish histories. Marquette gave it the 
name ''de la Conception',' and which appears on his map; 
he also used the name Missipi. The Indian name, it is 
said, was " Meechacebe ;" LaSalle, Membre, Hennepin, and 
Douay called it the "Colbert;" Joutel said the Indians 
called it " MeecJiassippi;" but //r called it the "Colbert or 
Mississippi ;" on De LTsle's map it is "Mississippi" and 
" S. Lonis ;" the name " Chncagua" is a name that has also 
been sometimes applied to it, also those of " Sassagoida" ■ 
and " Malabanchia;" AUouez first speaks of it as "Messipi" 
and again as the " Messi-sipi;" St. Cosme calls it " Micis- 
sipi." Henry de Tonty made a map of the Mississippi, 
and to some extent the region of the country along its 
banks; but we are not aware that it has ever been pub- 
lished, or if the original or a copy is in existence. 

Missouri River. — Marquette called it the "Pekitanoili" 
meaning muddy water; the RecoUets called it "the River 
of Ozages ;" Membre called it the "Ozage;" on De LTsle's 
maps, 1703, 17 18, it is " le Missouri oil de R. Pekitanoni;" 
Coxe called it " Yellozv River" or "River of the Massorites." 

Arkansas River. — Marquette first called it ''Akansea;'* 
St. Cosme and Montigny call it "Akanseas;" on De LTsle's 
map, of 1 7 18, it is "Riv. des Arkansas oil Tonti'.' 

Red River of La. — It is called by LaSalle "the Sablon- 
iere;" on De LTsle's map, of 171 8, it is called Riv. RoiLge 
on Sablonier." 

Ohio River. — Marquette called the lower Ohio "Onabous- 
kigou;" Joutel called it " Doilo or AbacJia ;" from the mouth 
of the Ohio to the Wabash and up that stream was gener- 
ally known as the " Ouabache" so it was called by Membre, 
St. Cosme, LaHontan, and others; above the mouth of 



NAMES OF WESTERN LAKES AND RIVERS. 4/ 

the Wabash, the Ohio was more particularly known as. 
''Ohio on Belle Riviere,'' so the river is called on De L'Isle's. 
map, 1703, on that of 1718 appears '' Riv. d. Ouabache ott 
de S. Jerome;'' on some old maps it appears ''Ohio or Fair 
River!' "The English (says Mr. Baldwin) were more in- 
clined to extend the name 'Alleghany' down that river."" 
Evans, in 1755, calls it "Ohio or Alleghany or La Belle;" 
the Shawnees called the Ohio "Palaw The'piki;" Mitchell 
called the river the "Ohio or Splawcipiki;" in 1790, Mr. 
Burnett called it the "Oahiya." 

Illifiois River. — Marquette speaks of it, but gave it no- 
name; on Franquelin's map it appears "Riviere des Ilinois 
OH Macopins;" LaSalle called it the " Seignlai;" Fathers. 
Hennepin and Membre the " Seignelay ;" Dablon not only 
applied to one of the upper branches of the Illinois (the 
Desplaines) the name "St. Loitis',^ but to the continuation, 
the Illinois itself; Coxe called it the " CJiicagott ;" De 
L'Isle's map, of 1718, and others, give it "Riv. des Ilinois !'' 

Lake Peoria. — Marquette calls it " Pewarea;" on Fran- 
quelin's map it is " L. de Pimiteau;" on one or more of De 
L'Isle's maps it is "Lac Pimitoui'.' 

Des Plaines River. — It is generally written "Desplaines',' 
though some insist that '''Atix Plaines" is the more correct 
term. It is understood to receive its name from a variety 
of maple, which the Canadians call Plaine. Sometimes 
the name appears "Des Planes',' and " Plcin',' as well as 
"Aux Pleinsy Prof Keating said the Pottawatomies 
termed it the " Sheshikinaoshike Sepe." LaSalle, in 1680, 
called the Desplaines the "Divine River;" Membre and 
Charlevoix did the same. LaSalle afterward, however, 
called it the " Chccagou'.' Dablon called it "St. Louis 
River" including, perhaps, the continuation, the Illinois; 
Franquelin's map, 1684, gives it " Peanghichia'.' The river 
was formerly, and not unfrequently, called the "Chicagou;'' 
see De L'Isle's map, 1718, and D'Anville's, 1755. 



48 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

Chicago, and River, — Marquette called W Portage River;'" 
LaSalle applies the name '' Cliecago'' to this locality, but his 
Checago River was generally the Desplaines ; Franquelin's 
map, 1684, gives to this locality or river the name of 
'' Cheagouineiiian,'' and to another stream ''R. Chekagoti;'' 
Tonty, in 1685, says that he arrived at the ''Fort of CJie- 
cagoiL' Joutel, as we see by the translation, gives "Chica- 
go;/," but probably it is a typographical error. St. Cosme, 
as by Mr. Shea, calls its '' Chikagou,'' '' Chicagu,'' '' Chicaqwl' 
and also '' C'dcagST LaHontan, 1703, has it '' Chegakoti!' 
The name, in former times, was often applied to the Des- 
plaines River; the name "Divine River," generally given 
to the Desplaines, was sometimes applied indiscriminately 
to both the Chicago and the Desplaines. Mr. Barry once 
referred to a map of Reineckes, published at Weimar, 1704, 
in which ''Fort CJiicagoir is named. Senex, i/io, gives it 
"Checagou;" De L'Isle's maps have it both " Checagoir as 
well as " Chicagou;'' Moll, 1720, presents it " Chekakoii ;' 
Charlevoix, "CJiicagour It is called " C/iicagoiix'' in an 
early French memoir. Col. De Peyster speaks of it as 
" Eschecagoic,'' and again as " Eschicagoic, a river and Fort 
at the head of Lake Michigan." Popple's atlas, 1733, has 
it "Fort Mianiis on Oiiamis ;" Mitchell, 1755, "^. and Port 
Chicago^'' and Sayer & Bennett's map, 1797, says "Point 
Chicago River!' Prof. Keating, in Long's Expedition, 1823, 
speaks of the north branch as "Gary River;'' Gurdon S. 
Hubbard told us that it (the north branch) used to be 
known as "Guarie River," from a trader of that name, 
who, somewhat more than a hundred years ago, lived on 
the west bank of the north branch, his buildings being 
located about where Lidiana Street is now. 

Caliunet River. — On some old maps it appears " Ken- 
noniekon;" at a later day it was often written " Calamick ;'' 
and also " Calamink!' The Big Calumet was called by the 
Indians, says Prof. Keating, "Keno7nokonky 



NAMES OF WESTERN LAKES AND RIVERS. 49 

Kankakee River. — Charlevoix wrote it " Theakiki'' and 
said the Indians -incorrectly pronounced it '' Kiakiki. De 
L'Isle map, 17 18, gives ''Huakiki',' and same stream lower 
down, R. de Macopinr Gov. Ninian Edwards called it 
"' Quin-qtie-qice!' 

St. Joseph River, Mich. — Tonty called it ''Miamis River;'' 
Membre the ''My amis T 

Maumee River. — It has frequently been called the 
''Miami of the Lake;'' Mr. Burnett, in 1790, called it the 
"Aumies," sometimes the "Mies." 

SandiLsky Bay. — The Indian name was " San-doos-tee'' 
or, as sometimes given, " Sa-uit-dics-tce'' meaning ^^ the cold 
zuater, or water within water-pools. On De L'Isle's map, 
1 718, it appears "Lac San-dou-ske;" Mr. Burnett, in 1787, 
called it "St. Tuskey'.' 

Saginaw Bay. — On De L'Isle's map, 1703, 1718, it ap- 
pears "Baye de Sagiiina" and "Baye Sagninam;" Coxe 
called it the " Sakinam." 

Patterson's Point. — A rocky point of land on the north 
shore of Lake Michigan, some sixty miles from Mackinac, 
is or was formerly so-called, from the fact that Mr. Charles 
Patterson, one of the principal members of the Northwest 
Fur-Company, with all his crew, was there drowned about 
the year 1788. 

Marquette River. — On De L'Isle's map, 1703, it is "R. 
Marquet;" as per Charlevoix, it was "River Marquette',' 
or "River of the Black Robe'' 

Isle Royal, Lake Sttperior. — De L'Isle's maps, 1700, 1703, 
it appears " I Monong;" Coxe calls it " Minong'.' 

Michilimackiuac. — Marquette called it " Michilimaki- 
iiong;" Hennepin and Membre speak of it as "Missili- 
7nakinak; " Joutel called it " Micilimaquinay ; " on De 
L'Isle's map, of 1703, appears "Isle et Habitation de Mis- 
silimakinac." 
4 



50 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

Green Bay. — Marquette called it ''Bay of the Fetid T 
Hennepin and Membre did the same. Marquette says the 
Indians called it '' Salt Bay;'' St. Cosme called it ''Bay oj 
Piiantsr on De L'Isle's maps, 1700, 1718, it appears 
" Baye des Ptians;'' sometimes it was called " Le Grand 
Bale;'' Mr. Burnett, in 1798, called it "Z^ bay'' 

Milwaukee River. — Membre calls it "Melleoki;" St- 
Cosme termed it "Mehvarik;" on De L'Isle's map, of 17 18' 
it appears "Melleki." 

Fox River of Illinois. — Joutel, on his map, gives it "Pe~ 
tescoiiy ;" St. Cosme calls it "Pistrui;" Charlevoix calls it 
"Pisticoni;" it was sometimes called " Pistaka" and " Bes- 
tikwi." 

Wisconsin River. — Father Marquette called it the "Mes- 
consing;" Hennepin quotes the Indians as calling it the 
"Onsconsin" or " Misconsin'.' Membre called it the Mis- 
concing ; St. Cosme, the Wesconsin, We think Gov. Doty, 
one of the Territorial governors, used to insist on the name 
being written " Wiskonsan;" but the mode was unpopular 
and, if we remember rightly, the Legislature irrevocably 
established the form of its orthography as " Wisconsin!' 



THE AMERICAN FUR-COiMPANY. 5 1 

THE American fur-company. 



To notice slightly the origin of the American Fur-Com- 
pany, we will say that John Jacob Astor, a German by 
birth, who arrived in New York in the year 1784, com- 
'menced work for a bakery owned by a German "acquaint- 
ance, and peddled cakes and doughnuts about- the city. 
He was afterward assisted to open a toy shop, and this was 
followed by trafficking for small parcels of furs in the 
country towns, and which led to his future operations in 
that line. 

Mr. Astor's great and continued success in that branch 
of trade induced him, in 1809, to obtain from the New- York 
Legislature a charter incorporating "The American Fur- 
Company," with a capital of a million dollars. It is under- 
stood that Mr. Astor comprised the Company, though other 
names were used in its organization. In 181 1, Mr. Astor, 
in connection with certain partners of the old Northwest 
Fur-Company (whose beginning was in 1783, and perma- 
nently organized in 1787), bought out the association of 
British merchants known as the Mackinac Company, then 
a strong competitor in the fur-trade. This Mackinac Com- 
pany, with the American Fur-Company, was merged info 
a new association, called the Southwest Fur-Company. 
But in 18 1 5, Mr. Astor bought out the Southwest Com- 
pany, and the American Fur-Company came again to the 
front. In the winter of 18 15-16, Congress, through the 
influence of Mr. Astor, it is understood, passed an act 
excluding foreigners from participating in the Indian trade. 
In 18 17-18, the American Fur-Company brought a large 
number of clerks from Montreal, and the United States, 
to Mackinac, some of whom made good Indian-traders, 
while many others failed upon trial and were discharged. 



52 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



Among those who proved their capabiHty was Gurdon S, 
Hubbard, Esq., then a youth of sixteen, the earUest resident 
of Chicago now Hving there. He was born in Windsor, Vt., 
in 1802, and his parents were EHzur and Abigail (Sage) 
Hubbard. His paternal emigrant ancestor was George 




Hubbard, who was at Wethersfield, Ct., in 1636. Mr. 
Hubbard is also a lineal descendant of the clergyman- 
Governor Gurdon Saltonstall (named for Brampton Gur- 
don, the patriot M. P., whose daughter was the grandmother 
of the Governor), who was the great-grandson of Sir 
Richard Saltonstall, the firm and efficient friend of early 
New England. 



THE AMERICAN FUR- COMPANY. 53 

We need, therefore, merely add here that Mr. Hubbard 
left Montreal, where his parents then lived, May 13, 18 18, 
reaching Mackinac, July 4th, and first arrived at Chicago 
on the last day of October or first day of November of that 
year. In 1828, he purchased of the Fur Company their 
entire interest in the trade of Illinois. 

We are indebted to Mr. Hubbard for the following, 
relating to the American Fur-Company: 

Having entire charge of the management of the company in 
the West, were Ramsey Crooks and Robert Stuart. To William 
Matthews was intrusted fhe engaging of voyageurs and clerks in 
Canada, with his headquarters in Montreal. The voyageurs he 
took from the habitants (farmers); young, active, athletic men were 
sought for, indeed, none but such were engaged, and they passed 
under inspection of a surgeon. Mr. M. also purchased at Mon- 
treal such goods as were suited for the trade, to load his boats. 
These boats were the Canadian batteaux, principally used in those 
days in transferring goods to upper St. Lawrence River and its 
tributaries, manned by four oarsmen and a steersman, capacity 
about six tons. The voyageurs and clerks were under indentures 
for a term of five years. Wages of voyageurs, $100, clerks from 
$120 to $500 per annum. These were all novices in the business; 
the plan of the company was to arrange and secure the services 
of old traders and their voyageurs, who, at the (new) organization 
of the company were in the Indian country, depending on their 
influence and knowledge of the trade with the Indians; and as 
fast as possible secure the vast trade in the West and Northwest, 
within the district of the United States, interspersing the novices 
brought from Canada so as to consolidate, extend, and monopo- 
lize, as far as possible, over the country, the Indian trade. The 
first two years they had succeeded in bringing into their employ 
seven-eighths of the old Indian-traders on the Upper Mississippi, 
Wabash, and Illinois Rivers, Lakes Michigan and Superior, and 
their tributaries as far north as the boundaries of the United 
States extended. The other eighth thought that their interest was 



54 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

to remain independent; toward such, the company selected their 
best traders, and located them in opposition, with instructions so 
to manage by underselling to bring them to terms. 

At Mackinac, the trader's brigades were organized, the com- 
pany selecting the most capable trader to be the manager of his 
particular brigade, which consisted of from five to twenty hatteaux, 
laden with goods. This chief or manager, when reaching the 
country allotted to him, made detachments, locating tradhig- 
houses, with districts clearly defined, for the operations of that 
particular post, and so on, until his ground was fully occupied by 
traders under him, over whom he had absolute authority. 

We will here allude to Mr. Aster's attempt to establish 
an American emporium for the fur-trade at the mouth ot 
the Columbia River, which enterprise failed, through the 
capture of Astoria by the British in 1814, and the neglect 
of our Government to give him protection. The withdrawal 
of Mr. Astor from the Pacific coast, left the Northwest Fur- 
Company to consider themselves the lords of the country. 
They did not long enjoy the field unmolested, however. 
*'A fierce competition ensued between them and their old 
rivals, the Hudson's-Bay Company, which was carried on 
at great cost and sacrifice, and, occasionally, with the loss 
of life. It ended in the ruin of most of the partners of the 
Northwest Company, and merging of the relics of that 
establishment, in 1821, in the rival association." 

Ramsey Crooks was a foremost man in the employ of Mr. Astor 
in the fur-trade, not only in the east, but upon the western coast, 
and has been called "the adventurous Rocky-Mountain trader." 
Intimately connected, as Mr. Crooks was, with the American Fur- 
Company, a slight notice of him will not be out of place. Mr. 
Crooks was a native of Greenock, Scotland, and was employed as 
a trader, in Wisconsin, as early as 1806. He entered the service 
of Mr. Astor in 1809. In 181 3, he returned from his three years' 
journey to the western coast, and in 181 7 he joined Mr. Astor as 



THE AMERICAN FUR -COMPANY. 55 

a partner, and, for four or five years ensuing, he was the com- 
pany's Mackinac agent, though residing mostly in New York. 
Mr. Crooks continued a partner until 1830, when this connection 
Avas dissolved and he resumed his place with Mr. Astor in his 
former capacity. In 1834, Mr. Astor, being advanced in years, 
sold out the stock of the company, and transferred the charter to 
Ramsey Crooks and his associates, whereupon Mr. C. was elected 
president of the company. Reverses, however, compelled an 
assignment in 1842, and with it the death of the American Fur- 
Company. In 1845, ^^- Crooks opened a commission house, for 
the sale of furs and skins, in New-York City. This business, 
which was successful, Mr. C. continued until his death. Mr. 
Crooks died in New York, June 6, 1859, in his 73d year. 

Washington Irving, in his "Astoria," gives a graphic 
account of the occasional meetings of the partners, agents, 
and employes of the old Northwest Fur-Company, at 
Montreal and Fort William, where they kept high days 
and nights of wassail and feasting; of song and tales oi 
adventure and hair-breadth escapes. But of those lavish 
and merry halls of the old "Northwest," we need suggest 
no comparison with the Agency dwelling of the American 
Fur-Company at Mackinac, where the expenses charged 
for the year 1821 were only $678.49. In that account, how- 
ever, we notice the following entries* 313^ gallons Teneriffe 
Wine; 4^ gallons Port Wine; 10 gallons best Madeira; 
yo}4 gallons Red Wine; 9 gallons Brandy; one barrel flour. 



56 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

PRIESTS. 



The following missionary priests have served in the 
Roman Catholic Church at Michilimacinac. 

The dates set opposite their names indicate the first and 
last years of their visits. Most of them made only occa- 
sional visits, having other parishes in their charge. 

Formerly the Church was at Old Fort Michilimacinac, 
but followed the Fort to the Island. The first church on 
the Island was in the Old Cemetery on Astor Street. 

There has been a church at St. Ignace for a number of 
years. 

In this list the three places are treated as one. 



1741-52 
1742-65 
1742-44 
1753-61 

1768-75 
1786-87 



Rev. Father J. B. Lamosinie, S. J. 



Rev. Father R Dujaunay, S. J. 

Rev. Father C. G. Coquarz, S. J. 

Rev. Father M. L. Lefranc, S. J. 

Rev. Father Gibault, Vic.-Gen'l Mis. of Illinois. 

Rev. Father Payet. 
1794. Rev. Father Ledru. Dominican. 

1796. Rev. Father Levadoux, Vic.-Gen'l of Baltimore. 

1 799-1823. Rev. G. Richard, Curate of St. Anne, of Detroit, 

and Vicar-General. 
1804. Rev. Father J. Dilhet. 

1 816-18. Rev. Father Joseph Crevier. 
1825-27. Rev. Father F. V. Badin. 
1827-30. Rev. Father P. J. Dejan. 
1830-33. Rev. Father Sam Mazzuchelli. 
1833. Rev. Father J. Lostrie. 

1S33-34. Rev. Father F. Hatscher. Redempt. 
1834-38. Rev. Father F. J. Bonduel. 
1838-43. Rev. Father S. Santilli. 



MISSIONARY PRIESTS. 57 

1843-45. Rev. Father C. Skolla. 

1845. ^ev. Father H. Van Renterghem. 

1S46-48. Rev. Father A. D. Piret. 

1852. Rev. Father F. Pierz. 

1854-57. Rev. Father E. L. M. Jahan. 

1858-61. Rev. Father P. B. Murray. 

1867. Rev. Father H. L. Chiele. 

1868. Rev. Father C. Maguire. 
1868-71. Rev. Father M. Orth. 
1869-70. Rev. Father P. S. Zorn. 
1870-71. Rev. Father N. L. Sifferath. 
1 87 1. Rev. Father C. Vary. 

1 87 1. Right Rev. Ignatius Mrack. Bishop. 

1871-72. Rev. Father L. B. Lebouc. 

1872-73. Rev. Father M. Mainville. 

1873-80. Rev. Father E. Jacker. 

1873-78. Rev. Father W. Dwyer. 

1878-79. Rev. Father J. Braun. 

1879-81. Rev. Father John Kenny. 

1880-81. Rev. Father C. A. Richards. 

1881. Very Rev. P. Bonaventure. Pro v. Cap. Order. 

1881-82. Rev. Father KiUan Haas. O. M. Cap. 

1881-82. Rev. Father Isidore Handtmann. O. M. Cap. 



58 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

MARRIED AT MICHILIMACKINAC. 



Where the names of the same parties appear under 
different dates tJic first date indicates the civil marriage 
or contract. The speUing of the names has been Hterally 
followed : 

1725, 2d August. 

1 Pierre Parant and Marianne Chaboiller. 

1725, 6th August. 

2 Jean Couchois and , 



1726, 6th January. 
Gabriel Bolon and Susanne Menard. 

1729, 30th October. 
Antoine Menard and 



1 73 1, 13th September. 

5 Augustin de L'anglade and Donitelle Villeneuve. 

Widow of Villeneuve. 

1-735, 1 8th April. 

6 Antoine Grignon and Anne Villeneuve. 

Daughter of Madame Donitelle Villeneuve (now L'anglade). 

1735, 2 2d September. 

7 Charles Chaboiller and Marianne Chevalier. 

1736, 2d October. 

8 Claude Germain Gautier and Therese Villeneuve, 

i737> 7th January. 

9 Michel Rocherau and Marie Tiennote. 

1837, 30th September. 

10 Jean du Ligne and Marie Angelique. 

1738, 17th July 

1 1 Pierre Grignon and Marguerite Chevalier. 



MARRIED AT MICHILIMACKINAC. 59 

1738, 20th September. 

12 Frangois Boisghuilbert and Agathe Villeneiive. 

Daughter of Madame Villeneuve (now I.'anglade). 

1739, 2ist July. 

13 Pierre Locat and Marie Josephe Chevalier. 

1 741, 13th August. 

14 Jean Baptiste Gendron and Marie Judith. 

1 741, 30th August. 

15 Joseph Hains and Constante Chevallier. 

Master-Mechanic at Fort Michilimackinac. 

1744, 13th August. 

16 Rene Bourrassa and Charlotte Veronique Chevalier. 

Son of Rene and Magadelaine Bourrassa, of Montreal. 
Daughter of Jean Bte. and Manon (Lavoine) Chevalier. 

1746, . 

17 Jean Baptiste Jourdain and Reaume. 

1747, 7th February. 

18 Pierre Pelletier and Frangoise Parant. 

Son of Pierre and Charlotte (Arnand) Pelletier. 
Daughter of Pierre and Marianne (Chaboiller) Parant. 

1747, ist July. 

19 Charles Personne and Susanne Reaume. 

Son of Nicholas and Madaline (Lafevre) Personne, of Montreal 
Daughter of Jean Bte. Reaume, of La Baie. 

1 7 17, 2 2d July. 

20 Jean Baptiste Tellier and Marie Josephe. 

1747, 5th September. 

21 Joseph Guillon and Louise Bolon. 

Daughter of Gabriel and Susanne (Menard) Bolon. 

1748, 4th February. 

22 Charles Hamelin and Marie Athanaise. 

1748, 7 th July. 

23 Jean Baptiste Jutras and Marie Catherine I'Archeveque. 



60 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

1748, 2d August. 

24 Jacques Bariso and Marie Joseph Esther I'Archeveque. 

1749, 30th August. 

25 Jean Manian I'Esperance and La Rose. 

1749, 13th October. 

26 Joseph Victor Couvret and Marie Charlotte. 

1750, I st February. 

27 Poncelet Batillo Clermont and Frangois (Cardinal) LaCroix. 

A soldier, son of Jean and Marguerite (Pierrot) Batillo, 

Bishopric of Treves. 
Widow of Pierre Hubert LaCroix, of Lachine. 

1750, }st February. 

28 Jean Baptiste la Fievre and Frangois Hubert LaCroix. 

1757, nth January. 

29 Charles Chanteloup and Agathe Amoit. 

Son of Frangois Charles and Mathe Chauteloup, of Montreal. 
Daughter of Jean Bte. Ambrose Amiot. 

1 75 1, 6th July. 

30 Fran^oise Louis Cardin and Marie Constante (Chevalier) 

Hains. 
A soldier. Widow of Joseph Hains. 

1751, 25th July. 

31 Joseph Relle and Charlotte Parant. 

1752, 4th June. 

32 Estienne Chesnier and Ann Therese Esther Chevalier. 

1752, 6th July. 
;^;^ Jean Brian and Frangoise . 



1753, 29th January. 

34 Joseph d'Aillebout and Marianne Parant. 

Daughter of . See No. i. 

1753, 1 6th July. 

35 Antoine Tellier and Charlotte Migsanonjean. 



MARRIED AT MICHILIMACKINAC. 6 1 

1754, 2d July. 
^6 Michel Girardin and Marie Hyppolite Favre. 

1754, 1 2th August. 

37 Charles Moras de Langlade and Charlotte Ambroisine 

Bourassa. 

1754, 15th August. 

38 Jean Baptiste Reaume and Maria. 

Interpretor at La Baie. 

1754, 30th November. 

39 Charles and Marie . 

Charles , a Slave of Mr. Bourrassa. 

Marie , a Slave of Mr. Langlade, Jr. 

1755, 25th May. 

40 Francois Brisbe and Marianne d'Aiilebout. 

A Sergeant of Garrison of Michilimackinac; son of Frangois 
and Marie Brisbe, of Gonneville, Lower Normondy. 

Marianne (Parant) de Aillebout, widow of Joseph de Aillebout, 
Esq. 

1755, 1 8th August. 

41 Nicolas Aniiot and Susanne Nouvellant. 

1756, 28th February. 

42 Jean Baptiste Cadot and Anastasie . 

1756, 27 April. 

43 Charles Faulteux and Frangoise Amiot. 

1756, loth May. 

44 Claude Pelle and Marie . 

Daughter of "Neskes," granddaughter of "KinonchameL" 

1757, 19th July. 

45 Jean Baptiste Metivier and Josette Chaboillez. 

1758, 2ist May. 

46 Pierre le Due and Agathe Villeneuve. 

1758, 2ist May. 

47 Jacques Gaillard and Marianne Jebean. 



62 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

1758, 1 6th July. 

48 Michel Rocherau and Marie Tiennote. 

1758, 24th July. 

49 Jean Eaptiste Marcot and Marie Neskech. 

1758, 6th August. 

50 Jean Cotenoir and Marie •. 



1760, 17th January. 

5 1 Michel Boyer and Josette Marguerite Dulignon. 

1 761, 13th July. 

52 Pierre Dupre and Marie Josephe Carignan. 

1762, 1 6th August. 

53 Constant Kerigou, Jr., and Angelique Metivier. 

1763, 25th July. 

54 Michel Joseph Marchettant and Therese Parant^ 

Daughter of . See No. i. 

1764, 4th May. 

55 Jean Baptiste Couchois and Angelique Sejourne. 

1765, 24th July. 

56 Jean Baptiste Lebeau and Marie Josephe Jourdain^ 

1768, 25th July. 

57 Gabriel Cote and Agathe Desjardin. 

1768, 28th July. 

58 Hyacinthe Hamelin and Marie Josephe Maingans. 

1775^ 23d June. 

59 Frangois Maurice Lafontaine and Marie Anne Cardin. 

1775, 6th October. 

60 Joseph Ainsse and Therese Bondy. 
Son of . See No. 15. 

Daughter of Joseph and Cecile (Campeau) Bondy, of Detroit. 



MARRIED AT MICHILIMACKINAC. 65, 

1779, I St January. 

61 Charles Gaiitier and Magdelaine Chevalier. 

Lieut.-Capitaine and King's Interpreter to the Savages at 

Michilimackinac. Son of . See No. 8. 

Daughter of Louis Paschal and Magdelaine (Re'aume) Chevalier. 

1 781, 19th April. 

62 Thomas Stone and Margaret Paterson. 

Daughter of George Paterson, a soldier in the 8th Regiment. 

1786, 20th July. 

63 Charles Gautier and Magadelaine Chevalier. 

See Note of No. 61. 

1786, 20th July. 

64 Daniel Bourassa and Marguerite Bertrand. 

Son of Rene and Ann (Chevalier) Bourrassa, 
Daughter of Laurent and Marie (Dulignon) Bertrand. 

1787, loth May. 

65 William Aiken and Elizabeth McDonald. 

Of Dumfries, Scotland; Bombadier in the 4th Battalion of the 

Royal Regiment of Artillery. 
Daughter of John McDonald, late Sergeant in the 8th or 

King's Regiment of Foot. 

1787, 8th August. 

66 Pierre Grignon and Louise Donnitelle Langlade. 

Son of Pierre and Marguerite (Chevalier) Grignon, of 

Grondines, Quebec. 

Daughter of Charles and Charlotte (Bourrassa) Langlade. 

1787, 20 August. 

67 Louis Hamelin and Josephte Legable. 

Son of Charles and Arvaci Hamelin, of Montreal. 

1 79 1, 15th November. 

68 James M. Hamilton and Louisa Mitchell. 

Ensign in the ist Regiment. 
Daughter of David Mitchell, Esq. 



64 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

1792, 2 1 St January. 

69 Jean Baptiste Laborde and Marguerite Machar Chevalier. 

1792, 19th March. 

70 Alexis Laframboise and Josette Adh^nar. 

Born at Three Rivers, Canada; Son of Jean Bte. and Gene- 
vieve (LaBissonniere) Laframboise. 
Daughter of Antoine and Genevieve (Blondeau) Adhemar, of 

Detroit. 

1792, ist July. 

7 1 Charles Chandonnet and Charlotte Marcot. 

See note to No. 102. 

1794, 14th January. 

72 Paul Gina and Marie Josephte. 

1794, 6th February. 

73 Jean Baptiste Lafontaine and Marguerite . 

1794, 25th June. 

74 Jean Bonga and Jeanne . 

Liberated Negro Slaves of Captain Daniel Robertson. They 
kept the first hotel on the Island of Mackinac, on Front Street, 
where Overall's saloon now stands. 

1794, 6th October. 

75 Jean Baptiste Mineville and Charlotte . 

1795, 2 1 St September. 

76 Joseph Laurent Bertrand and Felicite Carignant. 

Widower of Marie Therese Dulignon. 
Widow of Jean Louis Carignant, who was Notary Public and 
Superintendent of Navigation for Lake Michigan, and drowned at 
Michilimackinac, 13th December, 1791. 

1796, 29th July. 

77 Alexis Laframboise and Josephe Adhemar. 

See Note of No. 70. 

1796, 30th July. 

78 Joseph Laurent Bertrand and Felicite (Fillet) Carignant. 

See Note of No. 76. 



MARRIED AT MICHILIMACKINAC. 65 

1796, 8th August. 

79 Michel Brisbois and Donnitelle Gautier. 

Son of Joseph and Marguerite (Devault) Brisbois. 
Daughter of Charles and Magdelaine (Chevalier) Gautier. 

1796, 7th December. 

80 Michel La Bruyere and Inacvois Kamoquoy. 

1797, 2 ist January. 
.81 Andre Charlebois and Josephe Hamelin. 

1.798, 23d July. 
.82 Isidore Pelletier and Sophie Soloman. 

1799, 28th January. 
'S3 Andre Lachaine and Susanne J. Irebour. 

1799, 1 6th May. 
.84 Charles Maillet and Isabelle McDonald. 

1799, 2 2d July. 
^5 Pierre Lacroix and Marie McGulpin. 
Eldest son of Pierre and Therese (Lafranse) LaCroix. of Quebec. 
Youngest daughter of Patrick and INIagdelaine ( Crequi ) 
McGulpin. 

1799, 5th August. 

86 Jacques Vasseur and Madeline . 

Son of Jacques and Madelaine Vasseur, of Montreal. 

1800, 19th January. 

87 Louis Hamelin and Marie Louise. 

1800, 20th April. 

SS Jacques Chauvin and Angelique . 



1800, 28th July. 

89 Andre Sarrare and Irsule Mercier. 

1800, 30th December. 

90 Joseph Gautier and Louise LeVasseur. 

1 80 1, 25th January. 
■91 Francois Courtemanche and Magdelaine Waters. 
5 



66 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

1 80 1 5 6th April. 

92 Jean Baptiste Maiot and Marie Josephe Taillefer. 

1 80 1, 1 8th October. 

93 Stephen G. Hogan and Marie Vaillancour. 

Daughter of, see note to No. 95. 

1802, 17th August. 

94 Guillaume Varin and Marguerite Bourassa. 

1804, 1 8th February. 

95 Charles Marly and Marie Josephe Vaillancourt. 
Daughter of Joseph and Marie (Bourgois) Vaillancourt. 

The name of Joseph Vaillancourt suggests a little piece of local 
history. The building that is now the Government granary was 
used in early days as a storehouse. It was noticed that there 
was a larger percentage of shrinkage in a certain barrel of pork 
than is allowed even now by the Commissary-General. And that 
when a change of level of the brine occurred, it took place during 
the night. A sharpened steel trap was prepared and anchored be- 
neath the surface of the brine. 

A day or two afterward, the brine presented a redish tinge, and 
a day or two later, the post-surgeon was called upon to complete 
the amputation of two fingers. No fees were charged, no ques- 
tions asked, and no information volunteered as to who or what 
began and left the operation unfinished. 

Joseph Vaillancourt died June 13, 1845, ^g^^ 94 years. 

Charles Marly died May 26, 1856, aged 78 years. 

1804, 30th June. 

96 Jean Baptiste Maiot and Marie Josephe Taillefer. 

1804, ist July. 

97 Joseph Gautier and Louise Vasseur. 

Son of Nicholas and Marie (Champeau) Gautier. 

1804, nth July. 

98 Joseph T.aframboise and Magdelaine Marcot. 

Son of Jean Bte. and Marguerite (La Bissoniere) Laframboise. 
Daughter of . See No. 49. 



MARRIED IN MICHILIMACKINAC. 6j 

Magdelaine Laframboise died April 4, 1846, aged 66 years and 
2 months. 

1804, 1 2th July. 
99 George Schindler and Therese Marcot. 

Son of Jonas and Genevieve (Maranda) Schindler. 
Daughter of . See No. 49. Born, 1776. 

1804, 13th July. 

100 Jacques Jauvan and Angelique . 

1804, 13th July. 

10 1 Frangois Grignon and Angelique Gravalle. 

1804, 13th July. 

102 Charles Chandonnet and Charlotte Marcot. 

Son of Andre' and Charles (Fichot) Chandonnet. 
Daughter of , See No. 49. 

Charlotte Chandonnet died January 2, 1806, and was buried in 
the old Roman Catholic Cemetery on Astor Street. 

Mr. D. A. Winslow, in his historical sketch of Berrien County, 
describes the death and burial of Charles Chandonnet as follows : 

During the war of 181 2, and in that year, John B.'Chandonai 
was in the service of the United States, and was engaged in carry- 
ing dispatches from Detroit to Chicago. On one of his trips 
from Chicago, in company with the elder Robert Forsythe, he 
stopped near the mouth of St. Joseph River, and camped near 
the upper end of the Burnett orchard. His uncle, of the same 
name, then stationed at Mackinac, that place being in the posses- 
sion of the British, was sent by the commandant of that post, 
with a force of some thirty Indians in canoes, to intercept John 
B. with the dispatches, and to take him prisoner to Mackinac. 
This force arrived in the night, and early in the morning his uncle 
called on John B., and made known his business. John B. had 
a double-barrel gun in his hands, and told his uncle he should not 
go with him or be taken prisoner. He then drew a line on the 
ground, and told his uncle he must not cross it; but the uncle 
determined on his victim, drew his sword and advanced. As he 
stept over the line, he was shot dead by the nephew. 



68 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

The report of the gun aroused the Indians, who went to John's 
camp. He met them as he did his uncle, and speaking their 
language, pointed to his uncle's dead body and to the dead line; 
said he had shot his uncle to save his own life; that he was sorry 
he had to do it, but if taken prisoner, he himself would be killed; 
that he would not be taken alive, and the first one that attempted 
to cross the line was a dead Indian. The Indians held a coun- 
cil, and terms were agreed upon. The Indians were to have ten 
gallons of whiskey the next morning, — were to help John B. bury 
his uncle immediately, — he and his traveling companion were to 
be allowed to depart in peace. Arrangements were made with 
Mr. Burnett, by which the Indians were to have the whiskey as 
agreed upon. John B. buried his uncle on the hill back of his 
camp, and, after raising a cross over his grave, he and Mr. For- 
sythe immediately departed for Detroit. The next morning, Mr. 
Burnett gave the Indians the ten gallons of whiskey, and they 
started for Mackinac. 

1804, 1 6th July. 

103 Andre Lachaine and Susanne Irbour. 

1804, 1 6th July. 

104 Jean Baptiste Bertrand and Marguerite -. 

1804, 1 6th July. 

105 Charles Marly and Joseph Vaillancourt. 

1804, 1 6th July. 

106 Paul Gina and Marie Josephte. 

1804, 17th July. 

107 Guillaume Varin and Marguerite Bourassa. 

1808, 15th March. 

108 John Dousman and Rosahe LaBorde. 

Eldest son of John and Catherine (Barckman) Dousman, of 
Pittsburg, Pa. 

Daughter of Jean Bte. and Marguerite (Chevallier) LaBorde. 

1 81 7, 31st July. 

109 Francois Paget and Celeste Reed. 



MARRIED IN MICHILIMACKINAC. 69 

182 1, nth August, 
no William McGulpin and Madelaine Bourrassa. 
Eldest son of Patrick McGulpin. 
Eldest daughter of Daniel and Marguerite (Bertrand) Bourrassa. 

1 82 1, 13th August. 

1 1 1 Frangois Paget and Celeste Reed. 

1 82 1, 13th August. 

112 John Dousman and Rosalie LaBorde. 

See Note of No. to8. 

1823, I St August. 

113 Augustin Hamlin and Angelique Kiminitchawgan. 

Son of Louis and Josephte Hamelin. 
Daughter of Kiminitchaw and SichigikSa. 

1834, 2d August. 

1 14 Jean Baptiste Perault and Marianne Jeandron. 

Son of Jean Baptiste and Catherine (Lafleur) Perault. 

Daughter of Michel and Anobin Jeandron. 
Jean Baptiste Perault was a Canadian, who came to Mackinac 
while quite young, and previous to the war of 18 12. He died 
some years ago, leaving no heirs here. There is a large and valu- 
able property in Michigan awaiting the claiming of his relatives. 
Genealogists will do well to look at their records. — D. H. K. 

1837, loth August. 

1 1 5 Petrus Ains and Maria Anna Lazard. 

Daughter of Antonie and Catharine Lazari. 



70 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. , 

FRENCH AND BRITISH OFFICERS. 



The following-named officers were at Fort Michilimack- 
inac on the dates given ; their names are the only ones (of 
French and British officers) which appear in the old and 
official records: 

1742, 1 2th August. 

MONS. DE BlAINVILLE, 

Commandant of Michilimackinac. 
1 744, 6th January. 

MONS. DE ViVEHEVET, 

Commandant of Michilimackinac. 

1744, nth July. 

DE Ramelia, 

Captain and King's Commandant at Nepigon. 

1745, nth July, and 1747, 23d May. 

■DUPLESSIS DE MORAMPONT, 

King's Commandant at Cammanettigsia. 

1745, 25th August, and 1746, 29th June. 
NOYELLE, Jr., 

Second in Command at Michilimackinac. 

1745, 25 th August. 

Louis de la Corne, 

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac. 

1747, 7th February, 20th June, and ist September. 

MONS. DE NOYELLE, Jr., 

Commandant of Michilimackinac. 

1748, 28th February, 1749, irth March and 21st June. 

MoNS. Jacques Legardeur de St. Pierre, 

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac. 



FRENCH AND BRITISH OFFICERS. 7 1 

1749, 27th January. 

Louis Legardeur, 

Chevalier de Repentigny, 

Second in Command at Michilimackinac. 

1749, 29th August. 

MONS. GODEFROY, 

Officer of Troops. 

1750, 24th March, and 1752, 4th June. 

MoNS. DuPLESSis Faber, 

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac, 
Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis. 

1 75 1, 8th October. 

MoNS. DuPLESSis, Jr., 

Second in Command at Michilimackinac. 

1752, 4th June. 

MoNS. Beaujeu de Villemonde, 

Captain and King's Commandant at Camanitigousa. 

1753, i8th July, and 1754, 15th August. 

MoNS. Marin, 

King's Commandant, Post of La Baie. 

1753, 18th July; 1754, 8th May; 1758, 23d Feb'y, 29th June, 

i6th July, and 17th Oct.; 1759, 30th Jan'y,; 1760, 
25th May and 8th September. 
MoNS. DE Beaujeu de Villemonde, 

Captain and King's Commandant at Michihmackinac. 

1754, 8th July, and 1755, 25th May. 

MoNS. Herein, 

Captain and King's Commandant at Michilimackinac. 

i755j 8th January. 

Louis Legardeur, 

Chevalier de Repentigny, 

King's Commandant at the Sault 



72 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

1755. 24th August. 

Louis Legardeur, 

Chevalier de Repentigni, 

Lieutenant of Infantry. 

1756, 28th April. 

Charles de L'anglade, 

Officer of Troops. 

1756, 19th June. 

MoNS. Hertelle Beaubaffin, 

King's Commandant at . 

1756, 19th July. 

MONS. COUTEROT, 

Lieutenant of Infantry. 
1758, 2d July. 

MONS. DE l'aNGLADE, 

Second in Command at Michilimackinac. 

1758, 13th July. 

Louis Legardeur, 

Chevalier de Repentigni, 

Officer at Michilimackinac. 
1774 to 1779. 

A. S. De Peyster, 
Major Commanding Michilimackinac and Dependencies. 

1779 to 1782. 

Patrick Sinclair, 

Major and Lieut-Governor, 
Commanding Michilimackinac and Dependencies. 

1782 to 1787, loth May. 

Daniel Robertson, 

Captain Commanding Michilimack and Dependencies. 

1784, 31st July. 

Phil. B. Fry, 

Ensign 8th, or King's Regiment. 



FRENCH AND BRITISH OFFICERS. 75 

1784, 31st July. 

George Clowes, 

Lieutenant 8th, or King's Regiment. 

1791, 15th November. 

Edward Charleton, 

Captain 5th Regiment Foot, 

Commanding Michilimackinac. 

1791, 15th November, 

J. M. Hamilton, 

Ensign 5th Regiment Foot. 

I 79 1, 15th November. 

Benjamin Rocha, 

Lieutenant 5th Foot. 

1 79 1, 15th November. 
H. Headowe, 

Ensign 5th Foot. 



74 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 




,^^:r^'»&M^ 



AMERICAN OFFICERS. 



75 



AMERICAN OFFICERS. 



The following-named officers of the United States army 
have served at Fort Mackinac. The year of their arrival, 
their acUial rank at that time, and the organization to 
which they belonged are given: 



1796. Henry Burbeck, 
II Abner Prior, 
II Ebenezer Massay, 
II John Michael, 
II Thomas Farley, 

1 80 1. Thomas Hunt, 

1802. Francis Le Barron, 

1803. Josiah Dunham, 
M Joseph Crass, 

11 William Clark, 
1807. Jonathan Eastman, 
t8io. Porter Hanks, 
II Archibald Darragh, 
II Sylvester Day, 

1815. Talbot Chambers, 

18 16. John McNeil, 

181 7. T. F. Thomas, 
II A. T. Crow, 

II John Greene, 



Major, 

Captain, 

Lieutenant, 

Lieutenant, 

Surgeon's Mate, 

Lieut.-Colonel, 

Surgeon's Mate, 

Captain, 

ist-Lieutenant, 

2d II 

ISt II 

ISt II 

2d II n 

Garrison-Surgeon's Mate. 
Major, Rifles. 

II 5th Infantry 

ist-Lieutenant, 3d n 
Hospital-Surgeon's Mate. 
Captain, 8th Infantry 

ist-Tvieutenant, ^d m 



Artillerists & Engrs. 
ist Infantry. 
Artillerists & Engrs. 
ist Infantry. 

ist Infantry. 

Artillerists. 



Regt. of Artillerists. 
Artillerists. 



11 Daniel Curtis, 

II Benjamin K. Pierce, Captain, Corps Artillery. 

M L. Taliaferro, ist-Lieutenant, 3d i< 

II John Sullivan Pierce, 2d n Corps Artillery. 

1 8 18. E. Brooks, ist n 3d Infantry. 

II G. S. Wilkins, ist n Corps Artillery. 

18 1 9. J. P. Russell, Post-Surgeon. 

II Joseph Gleason, ist-Lieutenant, 5th Infantry. 



^6 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



1 8 19. William Lawrence, 


Lieut. -Colonel, 


2d Infantry. 


M W. S. Comstock, 


Surgeon's Mate, 


3d 


11 


" P. T. January, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


3cl 


II 


.! J. Peacock, 


2d 


3d 


1, 


1821. W. Beaumont, 


Post-Surgeon. 






n T. C. Legate, 


Captain, 


2d Artillery. 


M E. Lyon, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


3d 




II J. A. Chambers, 


2d II 


2d 




II Joshua Barney, 


2d 


2d 




1822. J. M. Spencer, 


ISt II 


2d 




1823. A. C. W. Fanning, 


Captain, 


2d 




II William Whistler, 


II 


3d Infantry. 


.1 S. W. Hunt, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


3d 


II 


.. A. M. Wright, 


2d . II 


3d 


II 


n G. H. Grossman, 


2d II 


6th 


II 


11 S. Gowan, 


2d II 


3d 


II 


1825. W\ Hoffman, 


Captain, 


2d 


II 


M R. S. Satterlee, 


Assist.-Surgeon. 






11 G. A. Waite, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


2d 


II 


M Seth Johnson, 


ISt II 


2d 


II 


1826. D. Brooks, 


2d 11 


2d 


II 


II A. R. Thompson, 


Captain, 


2d 


II 


1827. J. G. Allen, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


5th 


II 


'I E. James, 


Assist.-Surgeon. 






II E. K. Barnum, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


2d 


II 


M E. V. Sumner, 


2d II 


2d 


II 


.1 Sam. P. Heintzelman 


1, 2d It 


2d 


II 


1828. G. F. Morton, 


ISt II 


2d 


II 


II S. Burbank, 


Captain, 


5th 


II 


M R. A. McGabe, 


M 


5th 


II 


William Alexander, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


Sth 


II 


n A. J. Genter, 


2d II 


5th 


II 


„ A. R. Hetzel, 


2d II 


2d 


II 


.. J. H. Vose, 


Major, 


5th 


If 


1829. James Engle, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


5th 


If 


It Amos Foster, 


2d II 


5th 


It 



AMERICAN OFFICERS. 



77 



1829. E. Cutler, 


Lieut.-Colonel, 


5th 


Infantry. 


M M. E. Merrill, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


5th 




II Ephraim Kirby Smitl' 


,,2d 


5th 




11 Isaac Lynde, 


2d II 


5th 




1. C. C. Sibley, 


2d 


5th 




M W. E. Cruger, 


ISt II 


5th 




II Louis T. Jamison, 


2d II 


5th 




1830. H. Clark, 


ISt II 


5th 




1 83 1. John T. Collinsworth 


, 2d II 


5th 




M Robert McMillan, 


Assist. -Surgeon, 


Medical Departm't. 


1832. George M. Brooke, 


Colonel, 


5th 


Infantry. 


.. Waddy V. Cobbs, 


Captain, 


2d 




M Joseph S. Gallagher, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


2d 




n Geo. W. Patten, 


2d 


2d 




II Thomas Stockton, 


Bvt. 2d-Lieut., 


5th 




II Alex. R. Thompson, 


Major, 


6th 




M John B. F. Russell, 


Captain, 


5th 




1833. W. Whistler, 


Major, 


2d 




M E. K. Barnum, 


Captain, 


2d 




II J. R. Smith, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


2d 




.1 J. W. Penrose, 


2d 


2d 




M Chas. S. Frailey, 


Assist. -Surgeon, 


Medical Departm't. 


M Cieo. F. Turner, 


I! II 




II II 


1834. J. H. Leavenworth, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


2d Infantry. 


M John Clitz, 


Captain, 


2d 


.. 


1835. James V. Bomford, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


2d 


li 


II J. J. B. Kingsbury, 


ISt II 


2d 


II 


1, k. R. Patrick, 


Bvt. 2d-Lieut., 


2d 


If 


1836. Erastus B. Wolcott, 


Assist. -Surgeon, 


Medical Departm't. 


II J. W. Anderson, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


2d Infantrv. 


1839. S. McKenzie, 


Captain, 


2d r 


Vrtillery. 


II A. E. Jones, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


2d 


., 


1840. H. Brown, 


Captain, 


4th 


M 


II J. W. Phelps, 


I st-Lieutenant, 


4th 


M 


n J. C. Pemberton, 


2d 


4th 


M 


i84i.k Holt, 


Assist.-Surgeon, 


Medical Departm't. 



78 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



1 84 1, p. H. Gait, 


Captain, 


4th Artillery. 


1. G. C. Thomas, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


4th II 


r, G. W. Getty, 


2d II 


4th II 


II A. Johnston, 


Captain, 


5 th Infantry. 


II W. Chapman, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


5th II 


M S. Norvell, 


2d 


5th II 


M H. Whiting, 


2d II 


5th II 


II J. M. Jones, 


Bvt. 2d-Lieut.j 


5th II 


1842. Rev. John O'Brien, 


Chaplain. 




II Martin Scott, 


Captain, 


5 th II 


1843. L. H. Holden, 


Assist. -Surgeon, 


Medical Departm't, 


II M. E. Merrill, • 


Captain, 


5th Infantry. 


II W. Root, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


5th . 1, 


II J. C. Robinson, 


2d II 


5th 


1844. J. Byrne, 


Assist.-Surgeon, 


Medical Departm't. 


1845. C. C. Keeney, 


II It 


II II 


II G. C. Westcott, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


2d Infantry. 


II S. Casey, 


Captain, 


2d II 


M J. P. Smith, 


Bvt. 2d-Lieut., 


5th It 


II Fred Steele, 


II II 


5th II 


1846. J. Martin, 


Assist.-Surgeon, 


Medical Departm't. 


1847. F. M. Winans, 


Captain, 


15th Infantry. 


II M. P. Doyle, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


15th It 


,1 M. L. Gage, 


Captain, 


I St Michigan Vols. 


II C. F. Davis, 


Lieutenant, 


It II II 


M C. F. Chittenden, 


II 


It II II 


1848. W. N. R. Beall, 


Bvt 2d-Lieut., 


4th Infantry. 


II C. H. Larnard, 


Captain, 


4th It 


II H. Dryer, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


4th II 


1849. J- ^- Brown, 


Assist.-Surgeon, 


Medical Departm't. 


,1 J. C. Tidball, 


Bvt. 2d-Lieut., 


4th Infantry. 


1850. C. H. Laub, 


Assist.-Surgeon, 


Medical Departm't 


185 1. D. A. Russell, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


4th Infantry 


1852. T. Williams, 


Captain, 


4th Artillery. 


II G. W. Rains, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


4th II 


II J. Culbertson, 


2d II 


4th It 



AMERICAN OFFICERS. 



79 



1852. J. H. Bailey, 


Captain, 


Medical Departm't. 


1854. Jos. B. Brown, , 


Assist-Surgeon, 


II II 


1855. J. H. Greland, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


4th Artillery. 


1856. E. V. Bagley, 


2d II 


4th II 


M W. R. Terrill, 


ISt II 


4th II 


.. J. H. Wheelock, 


ISt It 


4th II 


11 John Byrne, 


Assist. -Surgeon, 


Medical Departm't. 


1857. G. D. Bailey, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


2d Artillery. 


.1 A. Elzey, 


Captain, 


2d II 


II H. Benson, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


2d II 


1858. H. C. Pratt, 


Captain, 


2d 


.1 J. F. Head, 


M 


Medical Departm't. 


II H. A. Smalley, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


2d Artillery. 


1859. G. L. Hartsuff, 


ISt II 


2d II 


II W. A. Hammond, 


Captain, 


Medical Departm't. 


i860. A. Hartsuff, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


II II 


M G. E. Cooper, 


Captain, 


II II 


1862. Wormer, 


II Stanton Guards, Mich.A^ols. 


II C. W. LeBoutillier, 


Assist.-Surgeon, 


ISt Minn. Regt. 


1866. J.N. Hill, 


Captain, 


Vet. Res. Corps. 


II W. L. Wood, 


2d-Lieutenant, 


II II II 


1867. J. Mitchell, 


Captain, 


43 d Infantry. 


,1 E. C. Gaskill, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


43d 1. 


II J. Stommel, 


2d M 


43d M 


1869. L. Smith, 


Captain, 


ISt II 


II J. Leonard, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


ISt II 


II M. Markland, 


2d II 


ISt II 


1870. S. S. Jessop, 


Captain, 


Medical Departm't. 


1871.T. Sharpe, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


ISt Infantry. 


1872. W. M. Notson, 


Captain, 


Medical Departm't. 


1873. C. Carvallo, 


M 


II II 


1874. C. J. Dickey, 


II 


2 2d Infantry. 


M W. W. Dougherty, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


22d II 


n J. McA. Webster, 


2d II 


22d II 


11 J. V. DeHanne, 


Captain, 


Medical Departm't. 


1875. A. L. Hough, 


Major, 


2 2d Infantry. 



8o 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



1876. J. Bush, 


Captain, 


2 2d Infantry. 


M T. H. Fisher, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


22d M 


II F. L. Davies, 


2d 


22d M 


1877. C. A. Webb, 


Captain, 


22d u 


II J. G. Ballance, 


2d-Lieiitenant, 


22d II 


11 T. Mosher, 


2d 


22d II 


n P. Moffat, 


Captain, 


Medical Departm't 


1878. 0. D. Ladley, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


2 2d Infantry. 


1879. E. E. Sellers, 


Captain, 


loth M 


u C. L. Dawes, 


It 


loth II 


n D. H. Kelton, 


ist-Lieutenant, 


loth 11 


„ W. T. Duggan, 


ISt u 


loth II 


M B. Eldridge, 


2d 


10th II 


II E. H. Plummer, 


2d 


loth 11 


.. G. W. Adair, 


Captain, 


Medical Departra't 


1882. W. H. Corbusier, 


II 


II II 




ja^CKipsI^C Igli^ND, 



MICHIOAN. 



Entered according to Act of Congress in 1882, by 
D. H. Kelton. 




-PB3H JO Xjbibs 



OBUppBJ^ UXJ S3IIUI 



O 
O 

CO 



o 
o 



•t/> 



■fee 



ajruB^s ui aouB^siQ 


c^ 




On 




•paqsnqBjsa uaq^ 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


•pAai-3:^Bi 3AoqB 
iqSn JO ;qSi3H 


CO 






t^ 



be 



oj ^ 



m 



fO >^ 



bJD-Jii 



b/D' 



y Ox) ^ rt § 



W C/3 .S 



.'==»■ o S 






Z3 ^ O ^J ^ ^ 

-•-' ^ <j_, 13 ^-^ -Q ;^ ^ ■*-' j-H 4-1 

^ a; O ^ O , ,o "U c "^ "^ - 

2 ^s^i^-S ^ OS i 



05 o -c: 

> HH > 



> ° CD <U 
^ - ^ S 

.5 -^ 'o ^ 
_> ^'- o 

bo (u ,r Jr 

<D g V2 G 

rt 'S O "^ 

O C I- oS 



^ ^ 



V, <^ b£) 



a; ^ 
b/D (U 



__ Oj 



H 






oj 'S ^ ^ 

^ P 3 P 

^ -I-' CA) G 

.•7:3 rt < ^ 

.^^^ I 

a; 



n a-) G o 

o .t:; o ^ 

^ > ^. 

^-^ u 

r 2 G ;.' 

O ^ Oj O; 

- - ■ > 



>- ^O 



S o .5 iJ 



c/5 -T-J 



G a; 



5 rt 

7^ S-, OJ <u 
^ G ^^ 

en (V cA P-> 

o B^a 

r^'rSH .G CJ 



O 

u J 
^ 8 ^ 

•G O ^ 

«8§ 

PI 



i3 oJ "G "-3 OJ /fJ 

t^ o. g pi; .-^ ^ 

r^ be .. ^- 2 ^ 

C S rt ^ "^ S 
JG JJ X - ^c« 
G*^ J^ fl^-- 

^ ^ > Jii a; t: 

hJ g ^^ B ^ 
O 



^g b^D U 
^ ^ -G O 

O "^^ r^ 03 

o ^ S 6 

•|-^§ 

^ ^^ § 



2 ^ ^ 

G y^ ^ O 



ii .Ji'S 



21.^ 



C/2 



P j;^ 



o 






^ 


;^ 


«< 


•<i 





J 


>H 


« 







M 




W 





ffi 


PQ 






o . o o o 

Tt VO O M 

■fee- -fee- -fee- ■&«- . oj 

PQ 
a; 



a u2 ^ o > 

< < 



5 ?^ t! - 3 



04 





U 


< 


5^, 


"Z 


< 


t^ 


33 


>4 


^ 


u 


O 


tc 


§ 




< 


H 


>• 


^fl 





oi 



3 So 9 a; 

o 



S83 





^ 


X 




C^ 


l_l 


fO 


CN 




>-l 


f^ 


n 


CO 


fO 


hH 








t-- 


10 


10 


00 


00 


00 


CO 


hH 


KH 


>-i 


^ 





t^ 







M 



o 



&s5l.^2-||-s sssa^-^I -.Sg'o.a c311§i2 s 



00 O r^, 



O^SfiH55oHHN5i:o^a;£-.SpiUcHSHa;3bija;j-<i::^^bo 



<u 


10 


^ 


M 


1 


M 


1 


CJ 


M 




:z 





84 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 




FORT MACKINAC. 85 



MACKINAC ISLAND 

Is situated in the Straits of the same name, about four 
miles east of the narrowest part, fifteen miles from Lake 
Huron and thirty from Lake Michigan; contains two thou- 
sand two hundred and twenty -one acres, of which the 
National Park contains nine hundred and eleven acres and 
the Military Reservation one hundred and three acres, the 
rest being private property. 

There are many places of historical and legendary in- 
terest on the Island. 



FORT MACKINAC. 
There are various ways of reaching the Fort from the 
village; probably the easiest is up "the steps," the view at 
the top being well worth the breath it costs to reach it. 
Now follow us, and we will show you through the Fort: 
This old block-house on our left was built in 1780, by 
the British troops under Major Patrick Sinclair; beyond, 
to the left, are two buildings, officers' quarters, built in 
1876; passing along toward the flag-staff, we come to an- 
other set of officers' quarters, built in 1835, and another 
old block-house, the upper part of which is used as a reser- 
voir, into which water is pumped, by horse-power, from a 
spring at the foot of the bluff, and distributed through pipes 
into various buildings. This innovation on the old-time 
water-wagon was made in 1881, in accordance with a plan 
devised by, and executed under the direction of, Lieut. D. 
H. Kelton, Post-Quartermaster. Water was first pumped 
October 11. 1881. 



86 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

While reinforcing the flag-staff in 1869, a bottle was 
taken out of the base, containing a paper, upon which was 
written : 

Headquarters Fort Mackinac, 
May 23th, 183s. 
This Flag-staff erected on the 25th day of May, 1835, by "A" 
and "G" Companies, of the 2d Regiment of Infantry, stationed 
at this Post. 

The following Officers of the 2d Infantry were present: 
Captain John Clitz, - "A" Company, Com'd'g Post. 
Captain E. Kerby Barnum, - "G" Company. 
ist-Lieut. J. J. B. Kingsbury, "G" Company. 
2d-Lieut. J. W. Penrose,- - "G" Company, A.C.S. 
2d-Lieut. J. V. Bomford, - "H" Company. 
Asst.-Surgeon Geo. F. Turner, U.S.A. 
David Jones, - - - Sutler. 

Absent Officers: 
ist-Lieut. J. S. Gallagher, "A" Company, Adjutant. 
2d-Lieut. J. H. Leavenworth, "A" Company, on Special Duty. 
Colonel Hugh Brady, Bvt.-Brig. General, Commanding Left Wing, 

Eastern Department, Headquarters at Detroit. 
Lieut-Colonel Alexander Cummings, Commanding 2d Regiment, 
Headquarters Madison Barracks, Sacket's Harbor, New York. 
President of the United States, Andrew Jackson. 
Builder (of Flag-staff), John McCraith, Private, "A" Company, 
2d Infantry. 

Another paper was added and the bottle was reentombed. 
Going down the steps to the right, we are brought face 
to face with one of the old landmarks of this country, the 
old stone-quarters, built at the same time as the block- 
houses, with walls from two and a half to eight feet thick; 
formerly the windows had iron bars across them. In July, 
18 12, the basement of this building and the old block- 
houses were used as prisons, in which Captain Roberts 
detained the men and larger boys of the village, after the 



FORT MACKINAC. 8/ 

capture of the Fort, until he decided what to do with them. 
Those who took the oath of allegiance to Great Britain were 
released and allowed to return to their homes; the others 
were sent to Detroit. Mr. Dousman, however, was not 
disturbed, and there have always been doubts as to his 
loyalty to the Americans. 

In 1814, the basement of this building and the block- 
houses were used as a place of refuge for the women and 
children of the village, while the vessels containing the 
American troops were anchored off the island. 

The building is now used as private quarters for officers, 
the east end being occupied by Lieut. E. H. Plummer, and 
the other end by Lieut. D. H. Kelton. Before the new 
quarters were built, the west end was always occupied by 
the commanding officer. 

The old wooden building on our right, now used as a 
quartermaster's storehouse, was built for a hospital in 1828 
on the site of the original hospital, built by the British. 

The long, low wooden building at the other end of the 
stone-quarters, formerly officers' quarters, is now used as a 
storehouse; facing it are the barracks, a two-story frame- 
building, built in 1859, occupied by two companies of sol- 
diers, one on each floor, with mess-rooms, etc., complete 
for each. 

We come next to the guard-house, built in 1828. Turn- 
ing toward the barracks, we have on our right, first, the 
Commissary, built in 1877, on the site of the old stone- 
magazine; here are stored, in addition to the rations, vari- 
ous articles for sale to officers and soldiers. 

In summer, the commissary supplies are obtained month- 
ly, from Chicago; and in fall, a supply for winter. The 
clothing and other equipments are obtained, as required, 
from the various United States' depots and arsenals. 

In the small building adjacent to the Commissary are 



8S 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



the offices of the Commanding Officer and Adjutant, and 
next door, the office of the Post-Quartermaster, which is 
connected hy a passage-way with the storehouse beyond ; 
built on the sight of the post-bakery of early days. 

Going up the path from the guard-house we will examine 
the "reveille gun," and take a glimpse at the magnificent 
view from the gun -platform. Below, at the foot of the 
bluff, are the Government stables, blacksmith shop, and 




Block- House built 1780. 

granary; beyond them, the company gardens, where the 
buildings of the United States Indian Agency stood in 
earlier days; to the right, at the corner of Astor and Fort 
Streets, is a neat little cottage, with an observatory on top, 
now owned by Mr. N. P. Harrison, of Chicago. A build- 
ing which preceded this one was used as the retail store of 
the American Fur-Company; the basement is the same, 
and in this occurred an accident, the result of which is 



FORT MACKINAC. 



89 




Block-Houses built 1780. 



90 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 




Block- Houses built 1780. 



MACKINAC ISLAND. '9I 

known to the medical fraternity throughout the world. 
We refer to the accidental shooting, on June 21st, 1821, 
in the left side, of Alexis St. Martin, a Canadian, eighteen 
years of age, in the employ of the American Fur-Company. 

St. Martin was not more than a yard from the muzzle of 
the gun, which was loaded with powder and duck-shot. 
To be brief, a hole was made into the stomach, which 
healed but never closed. Through this aperture, the action 
of the stomach, on various kinds of food, was observed. 
These experiments, extending through a series of years, 
gave much valuable information. Dr.Wm. Beaumont, at that 
time the Post-Surgeon, attended the wounded man and 
afterward made the experiments. Col. Gurdon S. Hub- 
bard, of Chicago, was present when the shooting occurred. 

The large building beyond on the same street is the 
Astor House, formerly the headquarters of the American 
Fur-Company; previous to the erection of this building, in 
1822, the headquarters were in the old building adjoining 
Fenton's Bazaar, on the northeast side. 

Beyond the Astor House is the Court-House, and a little 
farther on, on the opposite side of the street, the old 
Roman-Catholic cemetery. In this cemetery lie the re- 
mains of ist-Lieut. Joseph Gleason, 5th Infantry, who died 
at this post, March 27, 1820. His grave is unmarked and 
unhonored. 

The lot on Fort Street, in rear of Mr. Harrison's cottage, 
belongs to the Protestant church. 

To our left is the village school-house, built in 1838; 
next to that the Island House; next the residences of Dr. 
John R. Bailey and Hon. C. B. Fenton; next the St. Cloud 
Hotel; a little beyond, the Roman-Catholic church; and 
still farther on, the old mission-church, and beyond it, the 
mission-house, both built in 1826-27, by the Rev. Wm. M. 



92 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 



Ferry, father of Senator T. W. Ferry, of Michigan, who 
was born in the mission-house, June i, 1827. 

Young Ferry's boyhood days only were spent here. Of 
the life of Michigan's young and favorite senator we will 
briefly say: 

Thomas W. Ferry received a public-school education; 
has been engaged in business pursuits; was a member of 
the House of Representatives of Michigan in 1850; was a 




member of the State Senate in 1856; was Vice-President 
for Michigan in the Chicago Republican Convention of 
i860; was appointed in 1864 to represent Michigan on the 
Board of Managers of the Gettysburg Soldiers' National 
Cemetery, and was reappointed in 1867; represented his 
State on the Congressional Committee which accompanied 
the remains of the martyred Lincoln to Springfield, 111.; 
was elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, and Forty-first 



SENATOR FERRY. 



93 



Congresses, and was reelected to the Forty-second Con- 
gress, but did not take his seat, having subsequently been 
elected to the United States Senate, to succeed Jacob M. 
Howard, Republican. He took his seat in the Senate 
March 4, 1871; Chairman of the Committee on Rules, he 
reported a reclassification and revision of the rules of the 
Senate, which were unanimously adopted without amend- 




ment; he was a member of the Special Committee of the 
Senate that framed the resumption act of January 14, 1875. 
He was chosen President pro tempore March 9 and 19, and 
again December 20, 1875, and by the death of Vice-Presi- 
dettt Wilson he became acting vice-president, serving as 
such until March 4, 1877. While acting vice-president he 
was called upon, in the absence of President Grant, to 
deliver the address and preside at the Centennial Exhibi- 
tion at Philadelphia, July 4, 1876, and also to preside over 
the impeachment trial of the then Secretary of War, and 



I 

94 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

the sixteen joint meetings of Congress during the electoral 
count of 1876-77; after which he was for the third time 
reelected President pro te^npore of the Senate by the unani- 
mous vote of the Senate. He was reelected senator, Janu- 
ary 17, 1877, ^^<^ was reelected President pro tempore of 
the Senate March 5, 1877, February 26, 1878, April 17, 
1878, and March 3, 1879. 

In front of us is Round Island, where, for a long time, 
there was a large Indian village, the only remnant of which 
is an Indian burying-ground, on the southeastern part of 
the island. There is also an old burying-ground on Bois- 
Blanc Island. It is a singular fact that all these Indian 
graves were dug due east and west. 

Wauchusco, a celebrated spiritualist of the Ottawa tribe, 
lived on Round Island for several years previous to his 
death, which occurred September 30, 1837. 

To the left of Round Island is Bois-Blanc Island. 

The building in our rear is the hospital, built in 1858, 
leaving it to our right, we pass another old block-house; 
and over the old north sally-port, just outside of which, 
early on the morning of July 17th, 18 12, the British troops 
stood in line and presented arms while Lieut. Porter Hanks 
and Archibald Darragh marched the American troops out, 
with arms reversed, to ground them where the pump now 
stands, and receive their parole as prisoners of war; they 
were sent to Detroit, arriving there July 29th. 

Lieut. Porter Hanks was killed August 16, while still on 
parole, by a shot fired from the Canadian side while he was 
standing in the gateway of the Fort at Detroit. 

The well was not dug until 1830; good water was 
reached at a depth of twenty-four feet, but the supply is 
not constant. Passing on we come to the school-house, in 
charge of Sergeant Fred. J. Grant, the only building in the 
Fort into which strangers are admitted, unless accompanied 



FORT MACKINAC. 95 

by a commissioned officer; from here we can see the row 
of Httle cottages occupied by married soldiers, and off to 
the right, last but by no means least, the powder-magazine, 
the only brick-building on the Island. 

When built, the Fort was enclosed by a stockade ten 
feet high, made of cedar pickets, into the tops of which 
were driven irons with three sharp prongs projecting. 
Formerly all the buildings belonging to the Fort were 
within this stockade, and were provided with ample cisterns 
to enable them to sustain a protracted siege. 

A better idea of the block-houses as they appeared then, 
and of the stockade, may be obtained from the illustrations, 
which are reduced from old drawings. 

The old gates still remain in place at the south sally- 
port, near the guard-house. 

The post of Michilimackinac, over which the flags of 
three nations have successively floated, was established by 
the French in 1673. 

As a consequence of the surrender of Quebec, on the 
1 8th of September, 1759, the French-Canadian posts were 
given up to the British, but the latter did not arrive at 
Michilimacinac until 1761. 

The garrison was massacred by Indians, June 2d, 1763, 
but the Fort was not destroyed, and was regarrisoned in 
the summer of 1764. 

In 1779, arrangements were made for occupying the 
Island, but the troops were not transferred until July 15, 
1780. In 1796, the Island was transferred to the Americans. 

The British troops withdrew to St. Joseph Island, in the 
St. Mary's River, where they established a post. 

Fort Mackinac is embraced in the Division of the Atlan- 
tic, commanded by Major-General Winfield S. Hancock; 
and the present garrison consists of Companies "C" and 
"D", loth United States Infantry, with the following 



96 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

officers present: Brevet-Maj. E. E. Sellers, Lieut. D. H. 
Kelton, Lieut. W. T. Duggan, and Lieut. E. H. Plummer. 
Dr. W. H. Corbusier, Post-Surgeon. 

The non-commissioned staff is composed of Ordnance- 
Serg't William Marshall, Commissary-Serg't D. F. Driscoll, 
Hospital-Steward Louis Pauly, and Ouartermaster-Serg't 
Charles Scruby. 

Ordnance-Serg't William Marshall is the veteran soldier 
of the United States army, having originally entered the 
service in 1823, enlisting in Company "A", 5th U. S. In- 
fantry, then commanded by 2d-Lieut. David Hunter. He 
served in the Mexican, Florida, and Black- Hawk wars, and 
was one of Gen. Scott's favorite orderlies. He lives in a 
little cottage a short distance from the western gate of the 
Fort. He has raised a large family, and two of his sons 
are keepers at Spectacle-Reef light-house; William being 
in charge. Senator Ferry has tried to reward Serg't Mar- 
shall for his long and faithful service, by having him ap- 
pointed a lieutenant and placed on the retired list, but thus 
far has been unsuccessful. 

Now we are ready to enter the National Park, which 
comprises nearly all the wooded land on the Island not 
enclosed by fences. 



MACKINAC ISLAND. 



97 




Arch Rock. 



98' ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

HOW TO FIND ARCH ROCK. 
Arch Rock is on the prolongation of a line drawn from 
the village windmill, at Bennett's wharf, over the village 
school-house; to find it, start from the gate near the maga- 
zine, follow the road to the right, some three hundred feet, 
to the fork in the road at a corner of the fence, take the 
left-hand road (the right leads along the bluff to the mis- 
sion-house, and there are paths leading from it to the 
Island and St. Cloud Hotels), keep on the road which 
bears gradually to the left until, at the distance of about 
half a mile, a small clearing on the right of the road is 
passed, at the farther edge of which a road turns abruptly 
to the right, this will take you to the Arch, one-fourth of a 
mile distant. Upon returning to the main road, in the 
clearing, if you turn to the right, the road leads past Sugar 
Loaf, and gradually inclining to the left, takes you to the 
cross-roads; here, the road leading to the right will take 
you to "British Landing," the one in front in a-round-about 
way to the village, and the one to the left past the ceme- 
teries back to the Fort, from where you started. 

OLD LIME-KILN AND STONE-QUARRY. 
But a better way is to take the path which is a prolon- 
gation of the road from Arcli Rock. The old lime-kiln 
which you will see on your right, just after ascending the 
low bluff, was used while the Fort was being built, in 1780. 
A few yards farther on you come » to a carriage-road, 
directly across which is the old quarry from which stone 
was taken to build the Fort. The main road on your right 
leads to Sugar Loaf; turning to your left, a few steps bring 
you back to the magazine. 



MACKINAC ISLAND. 



99 




Sugar Loaf. 



lOO ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

FORT HOLMES AND SUGAR LOAF. 

Fort Holmes is in the direction indicated by a line drawn 
from the village windmill to the flag-staff, and Sugar Loaf 
is in the same direction and about five hundred yards 
farther on. 

To find Fort Holmes, follow the road to the left from 
the gate near the magazine, for about fifty yards, to the 
target-range, near a corner of the fence. Fort Holmes is 
on the brow of the hill and directly above the target-butts, 
from which a path leads up to it. This Fort was built 
while the British held possession of the Island, in 1812 
and 18 14. The inhabitants of the village were all forced 
to contribute a certain number of days' labor to aid in 
building it. 

It was called by the British Fort George, in honor of the 
British king; afterward rechristened by the Americans in 
honor of Maj. Andrew Hunter Holmes, who was killed 
August 4, 1 8 14, during an unsuccessful attempt by the 
Americans to regain possession of Fort Mackinac. 

The old ditches can be plainly seen ; the parapet was 
protected by cedar pickets, so planted in the side of the 
ditch as to render scaling impossible without a ladder; the 
covered ways, constructed to shelter the troops, have fallen 
in. In the centre of the enclosure, there was a building 
used as a block-house and powder-magazine, it was re- 
moved by the Americans, and is now used as the Govern- 
ment stable. A well was sunk to the depth of upward of 
a hundred feet, but no water was found. 

The platform that now crowns the summit, and com- 
mands a magnificent view of the Straits and the surround- 
ing country, was built by Lieut., afterward Gen., George E. 
Meade, during a survey of the lakes in 1852. As you 
stand on this platform, three hundred and twenty feet 



SKULL CAVE AND CEMETERIES. lOI 

above the level of the surrounding water, facing toward 
the flag-staff in the Fort, on yOur right is Point St. Ignace, 
four miles distant, the southern extremity of the northern 
peninsula of Michigan, and the terminus of the Detroit, 
Mackinac and Marquette Railroad ; nearly in front of you 
lies Mackinaw City; eight miles distant, on the northern 
point of the southern peninsula, the terminus of the 
Mackinac Divison of the Michigan - Central Railroad; 
a little to the right is where old Fort Michilimackinac 
stood, where the massacre of June 2d, 1763, (part of 
the program of the conspiracy of Pontiac), took place; 
a little farther to the left Cheboygan, eighteen miles 
distant; and off to the left, where the northern shore and 
the water seem to mingle and disappear together, is the 
mouth of the St. Mary's River, thirty-seven miles distant. 

Leaving Forts Mackinac and Holmes behind, and follow- 
ing the bluff on the right of the clearing you soon obtain 
a view of Sugar Loaf, on the plateau below you and about 
two hundred vards distant. 



SKULL CAVE AND CEMETERIES. 

By following the road leading to the left from the maga- 
zine you will pass Skull Cave, beneath a large rock on the 
right of the road, about a quarter of a mile beyond the 
target-range; this cave is said to be the one in which Mr. 
Alexander Henry, an English fur-trader, who was taken 
prisoner at the massacre at old Fort Michilimackinac, was 
afterward secreted, while the Indian, to whom he belonged, 
enjoyed a drunken carousal in the Indian village on the 
beach. 

Farther on you pass through the cemeteries, the Roman 
Catholic on the left, and the military (enclosed by a picket 
fence) and Protestant on the right; in the military ceme- 



I02 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

tery are buried sixty soldiers and one officer, Capt. John 
Clitz, who died while in command of this post, November 
7th, 1836, two of whose sons, Gen. H. B. Clitz, of the 
Army, and Rear-Admiral J.M. B. Clitz, of the Navy, are 
too well known to need further mention. 



BRITISH LANDING, BATTLE-FIELD, FRIEND- 
SHIP'S ALTAR, AND SCOTTS' CAVE. 

This road passing through the cemeteries leads in nearly 
a direct line through Early's (formerly Dousman's) farm to 
''British Landing." 

Up this road came the British and Indians under Capt. 
Charles Roberts, of His Majesty's loth Royal Veteran 
Battalion, during the nights of July 16 and 17, 18 12, having 
come over from the island of St. Joseph. They took oxen 
from Michael Dousman's farm to haul their cannon, which 
they planted in the road, in the small hollow, about fifty 
yards from the turn-stile on the north side of the parade- 
ground. 

Up this road came also, on August 4, 18 14, Col. George 
Croghan with American troops into the ambuscade laid for 
them by the British and Indian allies under Capt. Roberts. 

After entering the gate and passing through the narrow 
belt of timber, you come to a slight ridge which crosses 
the road, passing diagonally through an orchard on the 
left. On the south side of this ridge the British troops 
were concealed, with their field-piece on the right of the 
road; the Indian allies were on both flanks, parallel to the 
road, concealed in the woods; at that time there was very 
little cleared land, and when the Americans approached 
within short range, they were met by an unexpected and 
destructive fire, compelling them to retire, leaving their 
dead on the field, among whom was Major Holmes, Avho 



MACKINAC ISLAND. IO3 

-was killed about half-way between the farm-house and the 
small hillock in the field in front of it; his body was carried 
to the rear by his servant and concealed under leaves and 
rails in the edge of the woods at the farther end of the 
field ; all the other bodies were mutilated by the Indians. 

A boat came to the Island the next day (August 5th) 
•under a flag of truce, landing at "Shanty Town," where it 
was met by a detachment of the British troops. A search 
was made for the body of Major Holmes, under the direc- 
tion of Captain Roberts; it was found and delivered to 
tlie Amcrican^^. 

The road leads on to "British Landing." A short dis- 
tance before reaching the landing, a narrow road turns to 
the right and leads through the woods past Friendship's 
Altar to Scott's Cave, a mile and a quarter distant. 



ROBERTSON'S FOLLY. 

The prominent rocky bluff a little beyond the Mission- 
House. Cedar- Point Cottage, owned by Mr. Alanson 
Sheley, of Detroit, is snugly ensconced near its base. 



IQ4 



ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 




MACKINAC ISLAND. 105 



THE LEGEND OF "ROBERTSON'S FOLLY." 



Captain Robertson was a gay young English officer and 
a great admirer of the ladies. One pleasant summer even- 
ing, as he was strolling in the woods at the back of the 
fort enjoying his pipe, he suddenly beheld, a few rods be- 
fore him and just crossing his path, a female of most 
exquisite form, feature, and complexion; she seemed about 
nineteen; was simply dressed; wore her long black hair in 
flowing tresses; and as for a moment she turned on him 
her lustrous black eyes, her whole countenance lighting up 
with animation, the gallant Captain thought he had never 
before seen so beautiful a creature. He politely doffed his 
cap and quickened his steps, hoping to engage her in con- 
versation. She likewise hastened, evidently with the design 
of escaping him. Presently she disappeared around arurve 
in the road, and Robertson lost sight of her. 

At the officer's quarters that night nothing was talked of 
but the young lady and her possible identity. She was 
clearly not a native, and no vessel had been known to 
touch at the island for many a week. Who could she be.^ 
Captain Robertson could hardly sleep that night. A rigid 
inquiry was instituted in the village. The only effect was 
to engender as intense curiosity in the town as already 
existed among the garrison. 

As the shades of evening drew near, the Captain was 
again walking in the pleasant groves enjoying the delight- 
ful lake breezes and the whiff of his favorite pipe. He was 
thinking of last evening's apparition, and blaming himself 
for not pressing on more vigorously, or at least calling to 
the fair spectre. At this moment, raising his eyes from the 



ao6 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

ground, there she was again, slowly preceding him at a 
listance of scarcely more than thirty yards. As soon as 
Ii.s astonishment would permit, and as speedily as he could 
irame an excuse, he called to her: "Mademoiselle, I — 1 
■beg your pardon." 

She turned on him one glance, her face radiant with 
-smiles, then redoubled her pace. The Captain redoubled 
his, and soon broke into a run. Still she kept the interval 
between them undiminished. A bend of the road, and 
again she was gone. The Captain sought her quickly, but 
in vain; he then rushed back to the fort and called out a 
general posse of officers and men to scour the island, and, 
by capturing the maiden, to solve the mystery. Though 
the search was kept up till a late hour in the night, not a 
trace could be found of her. The Captain now began to 
be laughed at, and jokes were freely bandied at his ex- 
pense. 

Two days passed away, and the fantasy of Captain 
E-obertson began to be forgotten by his brother officers, 
but the Captain himself maintained a gloomy, thoughtful 
mood — the truth is he was in love with the woman he had 
•only twice seen, and who he felt assured was somewhere 
secreted on the island. Plans for her discovery revolved in 
his brain day and night, and visions of romance and happi- 
ness were ever flitting before his eyes. It was on the even- 
ing of the second day that he was irresistibly led to walk 
again in the shady path in which the apparition had twice 
appeared to him. It led to the brow of the precipice at 
the southeastern corner of the island. He had nearly 
reached the famous point from which we now look down 
perpendicularly 128 feet into the placid waters of Lake 
Huron, when, sitting on a large stone, apparently enjoying 
the magnificent scene spread out before her, he discovered 
the object of his solicitude. Escape from him was now 



ROBERTSON'S FOLLY. lO/ 

impossible, silently he stole up to her. A crunching of the 
gravel under his feet, however, disturbed her, and turning, 
her eyes met his. 

"Pretty maiden, why thus attempt to elude me.^ Who 
are you.'*" There was no answer, but the lady arose from 
the rock and retreated nearer the brink of the precipice, 
•at the same time glancing to the right and left, as if seek- 
ing a loop-hole of escape. 

"Do not fear me," said the Captain, "I am commander 
•of the garrison at' the fort here. No harm shall come to 
you, but do pray lell me who you are, and how you came 
•on this island!" 

The lady still maintained a stolid silence, but in the fad- 
ing light looked more beautiful than ever. She was now 
standing within three feet of the brink with her back to 
the terrible abyss. The Captain shuddered at the thought 
ot her making an unguarded step and being dashed to 
pieces on the rocks below. So he tried to calm her fears 
lest, in her agitation, she might precipitate a terrible catas- 
trophe. 

"My dear young lady," he began, "I see you fear me, 
and I will leave you; but for heaven's sake do pray tell me 
your name and Avhere you reside. Not a hair of your head 
shall be harmed, but Captain Robertson, your devoted 
servant, will go through fire and water to do your com- 
mands. Once more, my dear girl, do speak to me, if but 
a word before we part." 

As the Captain warmed up in his address, he incautiously 
advanced a step. The girl retreated another step, and now 
stood where the slightest loss of balance must prove her 
death. 

Quick as thought, the Captain sprang forward to seize 
her and avert so terrible a tragedy, but just as he clutched 
her arm, she threw herself backward into the chasm, draw- 



I08 ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC. 

ing her tormentor and would-be savior with her, and both 
were instantly dashed on to the rocks below. 

His mangled remains were found at the foot of the preci- 
pice, but, singular as it may seem," -not a vestige could be 
found of the woman for whose life his own had been, sacri- 
ficed. His body alone could be discovered and it was 
taken up and buried in a shady nook near the middle of 
the island. He was long mourned by his men and brother 
officers, for he was much beloved for his high social quali- 
ties and genial deportment; but by and by it began to be 
whispered that the Captain had indulged too freely in the 
fine old French brandy that the fur-traders brought up from 
Montreal, and that the lady he professed to see was a mere 
ignis fatims of his own excited imagination. But the 
mantle of charity has been thrown over the tragedy, and a 
commonplace explanation given for the name the rocky 
point has acquired, of ''ROBERTSON'S FOLLY." 



DISTILLERY, OLD INDIAN BURYING-GROUND, 
PONTIACS LOOKOUT, DEVIL'S KITCHEN, 

LOVER'S LEAP, AND CHIMNEY ROCK. 
Those who have ample time and wish to visit these 

points of interest will find it to their advantage to secure a 

carriage or a guide in the village. 

Devil's Kitchen and Chimney Rock are easier reached 

by boat. 



MACKINAC HISTORY. 109 



HISTORY. 

The history of Mackinac is attractive, it dates from early 
in the seventeenth century. 

Here it was that the American Fur-Company had its 
headquarters, having thousands of persons in its employ, 
with its arteries extending to , the Rocky Mountains on the 
west and to Hudson Bay on the north. This island has 
always been considered sacred and enchanted ground by 
the Indians. 

There was a time, incredible as it may seem, when it was 
from this place that civilization pressed on to what is now 
Chicago, and many families there and through the Western 
States trace their ancestors from the earlier settlers of 
Mackinac. 



WAR OF 1812. 

In the spring of 18 12, Michael Dousman, a fur-trader at 
Mackinac, having his suspicions aroused by the conduct of 
the Indians, thought there was trouble brewing between 
the Americans and British and started from here on the 
afternoon of July i6th, for the St. Mary's River; when 
some fifteen miles distant, he met the British and their 
Indian allies, coming down to attack Fort Mackinac, war 
having been declared on the 18th of June, and the British 
having received notification of the fact, via Mackinac, 
while the Americans were still ignorant of the condition of 
affairs. 

Mr. Dousman was taken prisoner and only escaped with 
his life on condition that he would return to Mackinac, and, 
without alarming the garrison, warn the citizens to go and 
remain quietly at the distillery, below the old Indian bury- 
ing-ground, west of the village. Mr. Dousman successfully 



no MACXINAC ISLAND. 

accomplished all this before morning, and the first intima- 
tion of the presence of the foe that Lieut. Hanks had was 
a ''reveille gun" fired by the British, and the appearance sooii 
after of a flag of truce, accompanied by a demand for an 
immediate surrender. The garrison at that time consisted 
of Lieuts. Hanks and Darragh and fifty-seven enlisted men. 
There are still persons living on the Island who remem- 
ber that "reveille gun," among whom is Mr. Ignace Pelotte,, 
a poor but trustworthy and deserving man. 



SUMMER RESORT. 

Eor those wishing to spend a pleasant summer vacation, 
no better place can be found than Mackinac; the climate 
is very healthy, the nights are always cool and refreshing;, 
mosquitoes are strangers. 

There is abundance of good fishing, also hunting in the 
vicinity, and boating through every variety of form, from 
the Indian birch -bark canoe up to palatial excursion 
steamers. 

Here the noble red man, from the cradle to the grave,, 
can be studied at leisure; a nephew of Tecumseh, perhaps, 
cla ming as much notice and pocket-money as any. 

There is no other locality where sufferers with hay-fever 
and catarrh obtain such speedy relief. 



HOTELS, ETC. 

In the following pages may be found the advertisements 
of the leading hotels on the Island, arranged in the order 
of their distance from the wharves; also, the advertise- 
ments of Todd's and Bailey's drug-stores, and Fenton's. 
Bazaar, the latter has the largest and best assortment of 
genuine, home, and hand-made Indian goods that can be 
found in the State of Michigan ; and his views of Mackinac, 
scenery are unrivalled. 



MACKINAC ISLAND. m 



ADDENDUM. 



TO THE READERS OF THIS BOOK: 

After having read the descriptions of Mackinac Island 
and vicinity, the question which presents itself to your 
mind is: "If I want to go and view these wonders and 
beauties, how can I reach them?" Listen: the Michigan 
Central Railroad has been completed to Mackinac and is 
now running two (2) trains each way daily, via Bay City, 
between Mackinac, Detroit, Jackson, and Chicago, making 
close and direct connections at those points for Toledo, 
Cleveland, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, 
and all Eastern, Southern, and Western cities. Elegant 
Wagner Parlor and Sleeping-Cars are run on these trains, 
and all the conveniences of the times, for which this line 
is famous, will be afforded passengers. 

There is only one way to reach Mackinac Island by 
rail, and that is by way of the Michigan Central Railroad,, 
which is selling cheap Excursion Tickets to that point. 



ANNALS 

. Of 

Fort Mackinac 



BY 



Lieut. D. H. K ELTON, 

U.S. Army. 



FOR SALE BY 

ROBERT CLARKE &- CO., Cincmnaii, 0. 

JANSEN, McCLURG 6- CO., Chicago, III. 

JAMES ANGLIM 6- CO., Washington, D.C. 

Dr. JOHN R. BAILEY, H. A. N. TODD, and C. B. FEN TON, 
Mackinac Island, Michigan. 



Price, 50 Ceiits. 
Scnt^ post-paid, on Receipt of the Price. 

CH IC AGO: 
FERGUS PRINTING COMPANY. 

1882. 




MACKINAC HODSE 

MACKINAC ISLAND, MICH. 

PLEASANTLY SITUATED, 

WITH A FINE VIEW 



OF THE 



LAKES AND STRAITS, 



SPECIAL TERMS TO TOURISTS. 



Mrs. DAVID CARSON, 

Proprietor. 




John-Jacob-Astor House, 



Mackinac Island, Michigan, 



FORMERLY 



Headquarters of tlie Ainerican Fur-Company, 
Headquarters of Army and Kavy Ofl3.cers. 



JT[HE Astor House is conveniently located, adjoining the 
Mackinac -County Public Buildings, and near the South- 
ern entrance to Fort Mackinac; is provided with good rooms, 
good beds, large parlors, two piano -fortes, four billiard- tables, 
large office and reading-room, fine verandas, and an observa- 
tory on the top of the main building, the view from which is 
unequalled. 

Guests of this house only, have access to the Original 
Books of the old Americafi Fur- Company, which have attracted 
so much attention from the Antiquarians of Europe and 
America. 

Accommodatons for 200 Guests. 



JAMES F. CABLE, 

JOHN R. BOGAN, Clerk. Proprietor. 



ISLAND HOUSE 



MACKINAC ISLAND, MICH. 




^HE ISLAND HOUSE is -beautifully situated 
on Elevated Ground fronting tlie "water, 
a pleasant distance from the Village and 
Steamboat Landing. 

Carriages always in attendance to convey 
Guests to and from tlie House. 

GOOD ACCOMMODATIONS FOR 150 GUESTS. 



Captain H. VAN ALLEN, 

PROPRIETOR. 



Saint Cloud Hotel, 

MACKINAC ISLAND, MICHIGAN. 




^f ITUATED upon beautifully terraced grounds overlooking the Harbor 
l^ and Straits of Mackinac, Is complete and Modern in all its 
appointments and furnished in the Queen -Anne Style. 
The Saint Cloud Hotel offers inducements to Tourists and Pleas- 
ure-Seekers that are unsurpassed. Its corps of colored servants is the best 
while its Culinary department is under the charge of a "Chef de Cuisine" 
engaged at great expense. 

Its elegant broad verandas, its large, airy, well- ventilated rooms, its 
Operatic Singers, and its 

^^ ^~ZZ s FAMOUS STRING BAND s^H IZ^ V^ 
are attractions by which this Hotel has gained its world-wide reputation 
and which no one can disregard in the selection of a home-like stopping 
place while sojourning on this lovely and romantic Isle. 



WENDELL & McDonald, Managers. 



MISSION HOUSE 

MACKINAC, MICHIGAN, 
E. A. FRANKS, Proprietor. 



This old and Favorite Hotel is delightfully 
situated adjoining the 

^ National Park ^ 



Romantic Island of Mackinac, 

^Vithin a short distance of the Arched Rock, 

Sugar Loaf, Giant's Causv/ay, and other 

natural curiosities in -which this 

famed Island abounds. 

Good Acconimodations for 200 Goests. 



Horace N. A. Todd, 

MACKINAC ISLAND, MICH. 




••^^ Large AssoRTMENTt^« 

OF 



rdgsiMedicines 



PERFUMERY, 

Toilet Articles, Etc. 



Prescriptions Carefully Compounded at all Hours, Day or Night 



Ice -Co Id Soda-lVater, 

CHOICE SUPPLY OF 

CONFECTIONERY, TOBACCO W?> CIGARS. 



FISHING TACKLE. 



Daily Papers, Books, Stationery 

Magazines, Etc., 

A Splendid Collection of Stereoscopic Views. 

"ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC." 



ESTABLISHED 1845. 



JOHN R. BAILEY, 



DEALER IN 



DRUGS « MEDICINES 

TOILET ARTICLES, 

And all other Goods usually found in a First-Class Drug Store. 
"ANNALS OF FORT MACKINAC," 

BOOKS, STATIONERY, 

GUIDE-BOOKS, MAPS, CHARTS, ETC. 
Pure Wines and Liquors for Medicinal Purposes. 

PRESCRIPTIONS CAREFULLV COMPOUNDED. 

Dr. John R Bailey, 

U.S. Examining Surgeon, 

{I.ate Surgeon U.S. Vols., late Attending- Surgeon at Fort Mackinac,) 
Residence, adjoining Island House. Office, in Drug Store. 



FENTON'S 

INDIAN BAZAAR 



MACKINAC ISLAND, MICH. 



The Largest and 
Best Assortment in the 

Northwest of 
Eare Shells, 
Minerals, 

Lake Superior Agates 
and Amethysts, 

Views of Mackinac 

National Park, 
leather Pans, 
Moccasins, 

Florida and Japanese 
Goods, ■ 

And All Kinds of 
OUKIOSITIES. 




A varied and beautiful 

Line of 
Moose Hair, 
Porcupine-Quill, 
and Sweet-G-rass 
. WOEE, 
Including 
Scented Table-Mats,, 
Canoes, 
Satchels, 
Portfolios, 
Eeticules, 
Handkerchief Boxes, 
Miniature Mococks 

of Maple Sugar^ 
Florida Ornamects, 
Grasses, Etc. 



Whitman's Famous Confections and Chocolates. 
IMPORTED AND DOMESTIC CIGARS. 



For Beauty and Variety of Goods, 

C. B. Fentons Indian Bazaar 

Challenges and Defies Competition. 



ALFRED G. COUCHOIS, 



PRACTICAL 



Carpenter, 



Joiner, and 



Painter, 



MACKINAC ISLAND, MICH 



Mr. Couchois offers his services to those 
^vho contemplate building Summer Resi- 
dences on the Island of Mackinac. 

REFERENCES: / 

The Citizens of Mackinac Island generally and all Officers 

of the U.S. Army, who have been stationed at Fort 

Mackinac, during the past ten years. 



Building Lots 



ON THE 



Island of Mackinac, Mich. 
FOR SALE. 



WijHOSE who intend to build Summer 
^s Residences on Mackinac Island, will 
find the most desirable Lots, at very reason- 
able prices, on the western part of the 
Isla7id, aroimd the rock known as ''Lover's 
Leap'' and above the caves known as the 
'' Devil's Kitcken!' 

An 80- acre lot has been neatly laid out 
■and until the Colony, already started, is as 
large as is desired, lots will be sold on very 
advantageous terms to the purchaser. 

The view from this blufi^ is the finest on 
the Island, overlooking the entrance to Lake 
Michigan with its numerous Islands and 
Light- Houses, and in full view of St.Ignace 
and Mackinaw City. 
For Particulars, address 

OUROOIV S. HUBBARO, 

243 Locust Street, CHICAGO. 



TRINITY PARISH 



OF THE 



JPpototant €|pisropflI Q^uvi^, 



MACKINAC ISLAND, MICHIGAN. 



Rev. M. C. STANLEY, Rector. 



SERVICES, EVERY LORD'S DAY. 
SUNDAY-SCHOOL, lO O'CLOCK, A.M. 

MORNING PRAYER, ii 

ALL ARE CORDIALLY INVITED. 



"^^^^TlTH varying fortunes, the services of the Church 
^5S have been held on this beautiful Island, for 
many years, without even a tent or tabernacle to dwell 
in; but this year finds us striving to build the Lord's 
House, and we humbly ask all our friends if you will 
kindly extend to us the helping hand. 

Let us add to the attractions of this beautiful 
Summer Resort a Holy Temple, consecrated to the 
worship of God. 

May, 1882. 



»^%%%%'%'%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%^%%%%%%'%%%%'%%%%%%/%%/%%%/%%%%%%%%%%/%%%%t 




{^prBgo MnHpiHFS 



BY 



H. H. HURLBUT. 




This elegant Volume of 673 pages, octavo, numerously 
illustrated, will be sent. Express charges paid, C. O. D.. 
Price, $7.50. 

Address, 

Miss HATTIE P. HURLBUT, 

44 South Ann Street, 

CHICAGO. 



CIRCULATION, 500 COPIES. 

-^^St.IpaGG'^RepubliGaiii^ 

p. D. BissELL, Editor, 

ST. IGNACE, Mackinac Co., MICH., 

TTLS published every Saturday morning at St. Ignace, the 
9^ most southern point of the Upper Peninsuia of Mich- 
igan, at the Straits terminus of the Detroit, Mackinac and 
Marquette Railroad. The REPUBLICAN is a representative 
newspaper of the growing city of St. Ignace — not inaptly 
termed the "Gateway City" of Northern Michigan 
— having for its chief aim the diffusion of such reliable 
information regarding the city wherein published, the 
famed Mackinac-Island Summer-Resokt, the County 
of Mackinac, and the whole upper-peninsula region, as 
will be of interest to the general reader, and contribute 
to the development and settlement of a section hitherto 
overlooked, even by the people of our own Commonwealth, 
which offers to the farmer and the laboring man, the lum- 
berman and miner, the tradesman and the manufacturer, 
and all conditions of men, a most desirable field for settle- 
ment and investment. 

ADVERTISING RATES: 

Per Inch Space, 

Transient Advertisements, per month, - - - - $ 2.00 

Six Months, - - $6.00 One Year, - - 10.00 

TERMS: 
Per Year, - - - $2.00 Six Months, - - $1.00 



ESTABLISHED 18SO. 



H. M. MASON & CO. 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 

DRUGS, 

Druggists' Sundries, Toilet Articles, 

PAINTS, OILS, 

and Brushes, 

GROCERIES, PROVISIONS, 

ETC., ETC., 

St.Ignaee, Michigan. 



MACKINAC VILLAGE ATTORNEY. 



C Y. BENNETT, 



Attorney-at-Law i SolicitorinCliancery, 



Practises in State and Federal Courts. 



REAL ESTATE AGENT. 



Notary Public, and Conveyancer. 



All Correspondence on business will receive prompt 

attention. 



OFFICE, OVER TODD'S DRUG-STORE, 



STATE STREET, 



ST.IGNACE, MICHIGAN. 



JEWELRY, CLOCKS, AND WATCHES. 



W. E. SMYTH, Jr., 

PRACTICAL 

WATCH-MAKER « JEWELER, 

St. Ignace, Michigan. 

W. E. SMYTH, Jr., 

Agent for American Express Company, 

St. Ignace, Michigan. 

Rates for Money- Orders in the United States: 

For $5 or less, - 5 cents. From $5 to $10, - 10 cents. 

Orders and Commissions Receive Prompt Attention. 

SMYTH & CO., 

JEWELERS, 

Cheboygan, Michigan. 

C. L. SMYTH Sz: CO., 

Furniture Warerooms and Manufactory, 

Cheboygan, Michigan. 



LARGEST STOCK IN THE UPPER PENINSULA. 



A. M. WITHROW & GO. 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 

HEAVY AND SHELF 

HARDWARE 



IRON, STEEL, IS^AILS, 

SHIP CHANDLERY, 

RAILWIT AND MILL SUPPLIES, 

FARMING UTENSILS, 

STOVES, TINWARE, SASH, DOORS, 

PAINTS, OILS, ETC. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

Tin, Gopper, Sheet and Galvanized-Irop Ware. 

PLUMBERS' GOODS, ETC. 

ST.IGNACE, - MICH. 



Detroit, Mackinac k Marquette 

■ RAILROAD. 

Glieapest, Sliortest, I Quickest Route 

FROM ALL POINTS EAST TO 

Marquette, Negaunee, L'Anse 

Isipeining, Houghton, Hancock, 

Calumet, Ontonagon, Eagle Harbor, Lake Linden,, 

AND ALL PLACES IN THE 

IRON ANO COPPER REGIONS 

OF MICHIGAN. 

J^5*HE term Cheapest, Shortest, and Quickest, has become stereo- 
\*/ typed and is undoubtedly used at times when it ought not to be. 
But when we tell you that we are 240 miles nearer the cities of 
the East (of which you can satisfy yourselves by referring to any general 
Railroad Guide), than any of the lines via Chicago, we mean it. 

Two Mail and Express Trains each way a-day, except Sundays, 
between St.Ignace and Marquette, at which city connection is made 
with the M., H. & O. R. R. for points mentioned above. 

Our equipment will be found first-class. Steel rails, Sleeping-Coaches 
on night trains, etc., etc. 

The Straits of Mackinac are crossed on the fine steam Ferry-boat, 
Algomah. 

Purchase Tickets by the Mackinac Route via Detroit : Michigan 
Central and Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette Railroads. 

Unsurpassed Hunting and Fishing at points along the Line o^ 
the D., M. & M.R. R. For further information, apply to 

T. McKEOWN, F. MILLIGAN, 

Gen'l Sup't, Gen'l Pass'r Agent, 

Marquette, Mich. Marquette, Mich. 



The Route of all Others for Tourists and Others 

«-- ^^ IS BY tub: ^<~— 

TraYersGxGity,+Peto8key 

^ MACKINAC 

DAILY LINE OF STEAMERS 

FORMED BY THE FINE PLEASURE STEAMERS 

"CITY OF GRAND RAPIDS" and "T.S. FAXON." 

NE of these Steamers leaving Mackinac and the other 



Traverse City, every morning, except Sunday, until 
further notice, and stopping at Petoskey and other principal 
points eii route. 

The Scenery all along the line is wondrously beautiful 
— the AIR and water perfectly pure — and on board, everything 
is provided for the comfort of passengers in the way of elegant 
furnishings, a table that is equalled by few hotels, and courteous 
attention from gentlemanly officers who are thorough sailors. 

At Traverse City is found the far-famed Park- Place 
Hotel, which, under the management of Col. Billings (who 
continues in charge), has gained an enviable reputation. 

Much of interest is to be enjoyed from this point, and the 
facts will warrant our saying that tourists always look back with 
pleasure to the time spent at 



\^ PARK-PI^ACE HOTBI. @) 

The same careful management of our steamboat and hotel 
interests which have made them so popular with the public will 
be continued, and we intend to fully deserve the large patronage 
which we confidently expect. 

HANNAH, LAY & CO., 
; Traverse City, Michigan. 



"THE JACKSON ROUTE 



)> 



Fort Wayne & Jackson R.R. 



IN CONNECTION WITH THE 



MICHIGAN CENTRAL, 

Fort Wayne, Cincinnati & Louisville R.R. 



IS DECIDEDLY THE 



SHORTEST, QUICKEST ^^ MOST DIRECT 

^^ ROUTE ^ 



FROM STKAITS OF MACKINAC 

Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, 

Lrouisville, Xashville, Atlanta, 

Cliattanooga, Macon, 

Cliarleston^ Savaniiali^ Mobile, and 

NeM^ Orleans. 



This Line is equipped with New Coaches, having Miller's Patent 
Buffer and Platform, and all Modern appliances for Safety and Comfort. 



H. BROMLEY. M. D. WOODFORD, 

Gen'l Pass'r and Ticket Agent General Superintendent. 



BENNETT'S WHARF 

MACKINAC ISLAND, MICH. 



CaptJAIESBEIIETT 

-^fcs-f AGENT .t.E^- 

For the Various Lines of Steamboats 

TOUCHING AT THE ISLAND, 

^^WOOD#COAL^ 

HAY, CORN, OATS AND STRAW 

I'resli and Salt Fish, 

FISH -BARRELS, SALT, ETC. 

ALL T~l /^~N T~) A /^^ T~^ ALWAYS 

KINDS OF JT* \__J X\ J-\^ \^ XL/ ON HAND 

OFFICE, ON 

ben:rett's whaef 

WILLIAN SULLIVAN, Clerk. 



Howard Ackerman 



SUCCESSOR TO 



J. R. ACKERMAN'S SON, 

UNIFORMS 

No. 712 BROADWAY, 
NEW YORK. 



)iyic<i 1786 \fxi<> eiCotioe frcvc^ 60-044 ifi<i 



^^ 




^^ 



IF you wish to obtain ei neat, attractive and valuable 
book, send your name to O. W. RUGGLES, General 
Pessenger Agent, or I\ I. Whitney, Ass't General 
Passenger Agent, Michigan Central Railroad, Chicago, 
Illinois, for a copy of "MACKINAC ISLAND," by that 
charming writer, Colonel Pat Donan, of Fargo, D. T. 



■r 



{&®, 




-^ 



FERGUS' HISTORICAI. SKRIBS 

RELATING TO 



I. — Annals of Chicago. A Lecture by Joseph N. Balestier, Esq., $ 25 

2. — Directory of the City of Chicago for 1839. By Robert Fergus, 50 

3. — The Last of the IlHnois; Origin of the Prairies. J. D. Caton, 25 
4. — Early Movement in Illinois for the Legalization of Slavery. 

By Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicago, 25 

5.— Sketches of Early Settlers of Chicago. By Wm. H. Bushnell, 25 

6.— Sketches of Early Settlers of Chicago. Part II. 25 

7, 8. — Early Chicago. Two Lectures by John Wentworth, LL.D., each, 35 
g.— Present and Future Prospects of Chicago; Rise and Progress 

of Chicago; Chicago in 1836, "Strange Early Days." 25 

10. — Addresses Read before Chicago Historical Society, 25 

II.— Early Medical Chicago. By James Nevins Hyde, A.M., M.D., 50 
12. — Illinois in the i8th Century. Kaskaskia and its Parish Re- 
cords ; Old Fort Chartres ; Col. John Todd's Record Book. 

Read before the Chicago Hist. Soc. By Edw. G. Mason, Esq., 50 
13. — Recollections of Early Illinois and her Prominent Men. By 

Hon. Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville, 5° 
14. — The Earliest Rehgious History of Chicago ; Early History of 
Illinois; Early Society in Southern Illinois; Reminis- 
cences of the Illinois-Bar Forty Years Ago; First Mur- 
der Trial in Iroquois Co. for the First Murder in Cook Co. 50 
15, — Abraham Lincoln. Paper read in London by Hon. I. N. Arnold, 

Stephen Arnold Douglas. By James W. Sheahan, Esq., 25 

16. — Early Chicago — Fort Dearborn. By John Wentworth, LL.D., 75 

17. — William B. Ogden; and Early Days. By Hon. I. N. Arnold, : 
18. — Chicago River-and-Harbor Convention, July, 1847. Compiled, i.oo 

ig. — Reminiscences of Early Chicago. By Charles Cleaver, Esq., 25 

20. — A Winter in the West. By C. Fenno Hofifman, Esq. Portrait, 50 

21.— John Dean Caton, LL.D., ex-Chief-Justice of 111., Sketch of, 25 
24. — Hon. John Wentworth's Congressional Reminiscences. In Press. 

Reception to the Settlers of Chicago — prior to 1840, by the Calumet 

Club, May 27, 1879. Compiled by Hon. John Wentworth, 50 

CHICAGO BAR-ASSOCIATION LECTURES :— Recollections 

of Early Chicago and the Illinois Bar, By Hon. L N. Arnold. 

Recollections of the Bench and Bar of Central Illinois. By Hon. 

James C. Conkling, of Springfield, 111. 
The Lawyer as a Pioneer. By Hon. Thomas Hoyne. Part I, i.oo 

REYNOLDS' HISTORY OF ILLINOIS.— My Own Times. By 

John Reynolds, Late Governor of Illinois, etc. Portrait, 7.50 

THE MARTYRDOM OF LOVEJOY.— An account of the Life, 
Trials, and Perils of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy. By Henry 
Tanner of Buffalo, N. Y., an Eye- Witness. Illustrated, 2.00 

Any of the above books sent by mail to any part of the U. S., postpaid, on receipt of price 
by the publishers. 

June 1st, 1882. Fei'g-iis t*riiitiiig: Oo., Oliic^agfO. 




ARCH R("CK. 




ISLAND HOUSE. 



^^^^^^^s^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ 



]AnGKijmc ]^m\ 



MICHIOAN. 



Entered accordiiip^ to Act of Congress 
D. H. KetTpN. 



VA /// Friendship's Altar 
Erilish Landin 




IS 




^OV^ 



^ M 




» Hi**** 
















lW» at ^ • ^lis » «? ^. •> 'OSsV^ * A^ ^ • 'Sals 



•0' ..: 



"ot? 



V^\/ v^*/ %^'/ 






•^ ^-./ .^ 























.■ /% ' 



.** A 




<^ *^' 










> .**^''- 



lO-j 



<5>. '•'^' <•?> 



.*' 












.0" <», '« . < • /v 



. -o ^^-J. ^.< 



.0 » 


















1 '^^0^ 



40^ .. 






4j J^J^M^'^ t^ a* »■ 









.-'.•-. '^C 







f o 






Ov^, 



.^ .y^-^. ^. 



„ 






)^ •!•«- 



^^ *-T 












«5^^ «^ 



WERT 
BOOKBINDING 

GranKide Pd 



^/ A 



v^. 



L'^^r 












^^ .^^ 



.^i 



